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EECS 373 Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems Minute Quiz... Thomas Schmid University of Michigan Lecture 12: Wireless Communication October 14, 2010 1 2 Announcements Inter-Integrated Circuit - I 2 C How do we deal with virtual

SLIDE 1

EECS 373

Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems

Thomas Schmid

University of Michigan Lecture 12: Wireless Communication October 14, 2010

Minute Quiz...

Announcements

How do we deal with virtual timers that are close

together?

– Keep time running while executing current handler – When handler returns, check for time and the next virtual timer – If it is time, execute the next handler. Else, set the HW timer

Inter-Integrated Circuit - I2C

What is the simplest way to connect many serial devices

with just 2 wires?

Addressing of chips
Message acknowledgment
Single master - multiple slave
Multiple master - multiple slave
Two bi-directional open-drain lines SDA, SCL

– Pull-up resistors to Vcc

7-bit address space with 16 addresses reserved

SLIDE 2

I2C

LSB MSB START SDA SCL 1 1 A2 A1 A0 ACK NOP/W

R/W

A6 A2 A1 A0 ACK

S A A A P

R/W

9 8 2 1 START CONDITION SCL SDA CLOCK PULSE FOR ACKNOWLEDGMENT NOT ACKNOWLEDGE ACKNOWLEDGE

Stop Condition

How can we cut the cord?

Modulation is Key to Wireless Communication

Transmit information over an analog pass-band channel
AM/FM Modulation

Alphabet of M=2N alternative symbols, each of size N
If we have fs S/s, the data rate is N·fs bits/s
Fundamental Digital Modulation
Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Phase Shift Keying

Binary PSK (BPSK) M=2
Quadrature PSK (QPSK) M=4
8PSK (M=8), 16PSK (M=16)
Differential PSK (DPSK) Differential QPSK (DQPSK)
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

9 O-QPSK Constellation BPSK Constellation

Figures from wikipedia.org

SLIDE 3

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Adds amplitude modulation to phase shift keying

10 16-QAM Constelation 11

MOBILE (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING) S) 5.68 5.73 5.90 5.95 6.2 6.525 6.685 6.765 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.35 8.1 8.195 8.815 8.965 9.040 9.4 9.5 9.9 9.995 10.003 10.005 10.1 10.15 11.175 11.275 11.4 11.6 11.65 12.05 12.10 12.23 13.2 13.26 13.36 13.41 13.57 13.6 13.8 13.87 14.0 14.25 14.35 14.990 15.005 15.010 15.10 15.6 15.8 16.36 17.41 17.48 17.55 17.9 17.97 18.03 18.068 18.168 18.78 18.9 19.02 19.68 19.80 19.990 19.995 20.005 20.010 21.0 21.45 21.85 21.924 22.0 22.855 23.0 23.2 23.35 24.89 24.99 25.005 25.01 25.07 25.21 25.33 25.55 25.67 26.1 26.175 26.48 26.95 26.96 27.23 27.41 27.54 28.0 29.7 29.8 29.89 29.91 30.0 NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Radiolocation FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Aeronautical Mobile Maritime Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) 3 9 14 19.95 20.05 30 30 59 61 70 90 110 130 160 190 200 275 285 300

3 kHz 300 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 300 GHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz

Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Mobile Maritime Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Mobile Aeronautical Mobile RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME MOBILE Aeronautical Radionavigation MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING) MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE (SHIPS ONLY) MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) BROADCASTING (AM RADIO) MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING) MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz) STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL Space Research MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) STANDARD FREQ. AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED MOBILE** Radio- location FIXED MOBILE* AMATEUR FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE* MOBILE* MOBILE STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (5000 KHZ) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research MOBILE** AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED MOBILE* BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED Mobile AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR AMATEUR FIXED Mobile MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (10,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AMATEUR FIXED Mobile* AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED FIXED BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) RADIO ASTRONOMY Mobile* AMATEUR BROADCASTING AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE Mobile* FIXED BROADCASTING STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (15,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED FIXED BROADCASTING STANDARD FREQ. Space Research FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Mobile FIXED AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE BROADCASTING FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MARITIME MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED Mobile* MOBILE** FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research LAND MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE** RADIO ASTRONOMY BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE** MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE MOBILE** AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE Radio Astronomy RADIO ASTRONOMY LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 2-4) FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 5-6) BROADCASTING (FM RADIO) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MOBILE FIXED AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 7-13) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz)
MET. SAT.

(S-E) SPACE RES. (S-E) Earth Expl. Satellite (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION Amateur LAND MOBILE Meteorological Satellite (S-E) LAND MOBILE BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 14 - 20) BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 21-36) TV BROADCASTING RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIOLOCATION FIXED Amateur AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION MOBILE** FIXED AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION RADIO- LOCATION Amateur AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (Ground) RADIO- LOCATION Radio- location

AERO. RADIO-

NAV.(Ground) FIXED SAT. (S-E) RADIO- LOCATION Radio- location FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION MOBILE FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY Space Research (Passive) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIO- LOCATION Radio- location RADIONAVIGATION Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION RADIO- LOCATION MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION METEOROLOGICAL AIDS Amateur Amateur FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (E-S) FIXED Fixed MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MET. SATELLITE (S-E) Mobile Satellite (S-E) Mobile Satellite (S-E) Mobile Satellite (E-S) (no airborne) Mobile Satellite (E-S)(no airborne) Mobile Satellite (S-E) Mobile Satellite (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) EARTH EXPL. SATELLITE(S-E) EARTH EXPL.

SAT. (S-E)

EARTH EXPL. SATELLITE (S-E) MET. SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) (deep space only) SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION Meteorological Aids RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation RADIO- LOCATION Radiolocation Radiolocation Amateur Amateur Amateur Satellite RADIOLOCATION FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) Mobile ** SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL.

SAT. (Passive)

RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL. SATELLITE (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY BROADCASTING SATELLITE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. Space Research (E-S) Space Research Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) Radio- location RADIO- LOCATION RADIO NAVIGATION FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) Land Mobile Satellite (E-S) Fixed Mobile FIXED

SAT. (E-S)

Fixed Mobile FIXED Mobile FIXED MOBILE Space Research Space Research Space Research SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPL. SAT. (Passive) Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation FX SAT (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE EARTH EXPL.

SAT. (Passive)

MOBILE Earth Expl. Satellite (Active) Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (E-S) Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) FIXED MOBILE FIXED SAT (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) Standard Frequency and Time Signal Satellite (S-E)

Stand. Frequency

and Time Signal Satellite (S-E) FIXED MOBILE RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPLORATION

SAT. (Passive)

RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION INTER-SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation SPACE RE. .(Passive) EARTH EXPL.

SAT. (Passive)

FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE Mobile Fixed FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) BROAD- CASTING BCST SAT. FIXED MOBILE F X SAT(E-S) MOBILE FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE FI XED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) EARTH EXPLORATION

SAT. (Passive)

SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- SATELLITE RADIO- LOCATION SPACE RESEARCH FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION SATELLITE EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE Amateur Satellite Amateur RADIO- LOCATION MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE FIXED BROAD- CASTING SATELLITE BROAD- CASTING SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED RADIO- LOCATION FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO- NAVIGATION SATELLITE RADIO- NAVIGATION Radio- location EARTH EXPL. SATELLITE (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) FIXED MOBILE MOBILE INTER- SATELLITE RADIO- LOCATION INTER- SATELLITE Radio- location MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION SATELLITE AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE Amateur Amateur Satellite RADIO- LOCATION MOBILE FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) EARTH EXPLORATION

SAT. (Passive)

SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) INTER- SATELLITE INTER- SATELLITE INTER- SATELLITE INTER- SATELLITE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION SAT. (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE(S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) EARTH EXPL.

SAT. (Passive)

SPACE RES. (Passive) Radio- location Radio- location RADIO- LOCATION AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE Amateur Amateur Satellite EARTH EXPLORATION SATELLITE (Passive) SPACE RES. (Passive) MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE RADIO- NAVIGATION RADIO- NAVIGATION SATELLITE MOBILE MOBILE FIXED RADIO- ASTRONOMY FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED 3.0 3.025 3.155 3.230 3.4 3.5 4.0 4.063 4.438 4.65 4.7 4.75 4.85 4.995 5.003 5.005 5.060 5.45 MARITIME MOBILE AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE FIXED Mobile MARITIME MOBILE STANDARD FREQUENCY & TIME SIGNAL (20,000 KHZ) Space Research AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR

MET. SAT. (S-E)
MOB. SAT. (S-E)

SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)

MET. SAT. (S-E)
Mob. Sat. (S-E)

SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)

MET. SAT. (S-E)
MOB. SAT. (S-E)

SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E)

MET. SAT. (S-E)
Mob. Sat. (S-E)

SPACE RES. (S-E) SPACE OPN. (S-E) MOBILE FIXED FIXED Land Mobile FIXED MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) Radiolocation Radiolocation LAND MOBILE AMATEUR MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE

MET. AIDS

(Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) SPACE RESEARCH (S-S) FIXED MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (RADIOSONDE) METEOROLOGICAL AIDS (Radiosonde) METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE (s-E) Fixed FIXED

MET. SAT.

(s-E) FIXED FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION

RADIONAV. SATELLITE (Space to Earth)

AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth) Mobile Satellite (S- E) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILESAT(E-S)

AERO. RADIONAVIGATION
AERO. RADIONAV.
AERO. RADIONAV.

RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) RADIO DET. SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) MOBILE SAT. (E-S) Mobile Sat. (S-E) RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE SAT. (E-S) FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED (LOS) MOBILE (LOS) SPACE RESEARCH (s-E)(s-s) SPACE OPERATION (s-E)(s-s) EARTH EXPLORATION

SAT. (s-E)(s-s)

Amateur MOBILE Fixed RADIOLOCATION AMATEUR RADIO ASTRON. SPACE RESEARCH EARTH EXPL SAT FIXED SAT. (S-E) FIXED MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED MOBILE FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE FIXED SPACE RESEARCH (S-E) (Deep Space) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION EARTH

EXPL. SAT.

(Passive) 300 325 335 405 415 435 495 505 510 525 535 1605 1615 1705 1800 1900 2000 2065 2107 2170 2173.5 2190.5 2194 2495 2501 2502 2505 2850 3000 RADIO- LOCATION BROADCASTING FIXED MOBILE AMATEUR RADIOLOCATION MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED 30.0 30.56 32.0 33.0 34.0 35.0 36.0 37.0 37.5 38.0 38.25 39.0 40.0 42.0 43.69 46.6 47.0 49.6 50.0 54.0 72.0 73.0 74.6 74.8 75.2 75.4 76.0 88.0 108.0 117.975 121.9375 123.0875 123.5875 128.8125 132.0125 136.0 137.0 137.025 137.175 137.825 138.0 144.0 146.0 148.0 149.9 150.05 150.8 152.855 154.0 156.2475 157.0375 157.1875 157.45 161.575 161.625 161.775 162.0125 173.2 173.4 174.0 216.0 220.0 222.0 225.0 235.0 300 ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz

30 GHz

ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHz ISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHz ISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz 300.0 322.0 328.6 335.4 399.9 400.05 400.15 401.0 402.0 403.0 406.0 406.1 410.0 420.0 450.0 454.0 455.0 456.0 460.0 462.5375 462.7375 467.5375 467.7375 470.0 512.0 608.0 614.0 698 746 764 776 794 806 821 824 849 851 866 869 894 896 901901 902 928 929 930 931 932 935 940 941 944 960 1215 1240 1300 1350 1390 1392 1395 2000 2020 2025 2110 2155 2160 2180 2200 2290 2300 2305 2310 2320 2345 2360 2385 2390 2400 2417 2450 2483.5 2500 2655 2690 2700 2900 3000 1400 1427 1429.5 1430 1432 1435 1525 1530 1535 1544 1545 1549.5 1558.5 1559 1610 1610.6 1613.8 1626.5 1660 1660.5 1668.4 1670 1675 1700 1710 1755 1850 MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE (space to Earth) MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (S-E) RADIOLOCATION Amateur Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SPA CE RESEARCH ( Passive) EARTH EXPL SAT (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE MOBILE ** FIXED-SAT (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED** LAND MOBILE (TLM) MOBILE SAT. (Space to Earth) MARITIME MOBILE SAT. (Space to Earth) Mobile (Aero. TLM) MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE SATELLITE (Space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth) 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.65 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.94 4.99 5.0 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.46 5.47 5.6 5.65 5.83 5.85 5.925 6.425 6.525 6.70 6.875 7.025 7.075 7.125 7.19 7.235 7.25 7.30 7.45 7.55 7.75 7.90 8.025 8.175 8.215 8.4 8.45 8.5 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 10.0 10.45 10.5 10.55 10.6 10.68 10.7 11.7 12.2 12.7 12.75 13.25 13.4 13.75 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.47 14.5 14.7145 15.1365 15.35 15.4 15.43 15.63 15.7 16.6 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.3 19.7 20.1 20.2 21.2 21.4 22.0 22.21 22.5 22.55 23.55 23.6 24.0 24.05 24.25 24.45 24.65 24.75 25.05 25.25 25.5 27.0 27.5 29.5 29.9 30.0 ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz 30.0 31.0 31.3 31.8 32.0 32.3 33.0 33.4 36.0 37.0 37.6 38.0 38.6 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 42.5 43.5 45.5 46.9 47.0 47.2 48.2 50.2 50.4 51.4 52.6 54.25 55.78 56.9 57.0 58.2 59.0 59.3 64.0 65.0 66.0 71.0 74.0 75.5 76.0 77.0 77.5 78.0 81.0 84.0 86.0 92.0 95.0 100.0 102.0 105.0 116.0 119.98 120.02 126.0 134.0 142.0 144.0 149.0 150.0 151.0 164.0 168.0 170.0 174.5 176.5 182.0 185.0 190.0 200.0 202.0 217.0 231.0 235.0 238.0 241.0 248.0 250.0 252.0 265.0 275.0 300.0 ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz INTER-SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE (E-S) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Aeronautical Mobile STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz) FIXED Mobile*

STAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG.
MET. AIDS

(Radiosonde) Space Opn. (S-E) MOBILE.

SAT. (S-E)

Fixed Standard

Freq. and

Time Signal Satellite (E-S) FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (20 kHz) Amateur MOBILE FIXED

SAT. (E-S)

Space Research MOBILE BROADCASTING TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz 59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FOR UNLICENSED DEVICES Fixed AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) BROADCASTING FIXED MOBILE* BROADCASTING FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED Mobile FIXED BROADCASTING BROADCASTING FIXED FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) F I X E D F i x e d M o b i l e R a d i o - l o c a t i o n F I X E D M O B I L E LAND MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE RADIONAV-SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE

MET. AIDS

(Radio- sonde) SPACE OPN. (S-E) Earth Expl Sat (E-S) Met-Satellite (E-S) MET-SAT. (E-S) EARTH EXPL

SAT. (E-S)

Earth Expl Sat (E-S) Met-Satellite (E-S) EARTH EXPL

SAT. (E-S)

MET-SAT. (E-S) LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED BROADCAST MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED BROADCAST LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE METEOROLOGICAL AIDS FX Space res. Radio Ast E-Expl Sat FIXED MOBILE** MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) RADIODETERMINATION SAT. (S-E) Radiolocation MOBILE FIXED Amateur Radiolocation AMATEUR FIXED MOBILE B-SAT FX MOB Fixed Mobile Radiolocation RADIOLOCATION MOBILE ** Fixed (TLM) LAND MOBILE FIXED (TLM) LAND MOBILE (TLM) FIXED-SAT (S-E) FIXED (TLM) MOBILE MOBILE SAT. (Space to Earth) Mobile ** MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) SPACE OP. (E-S)(s-s) EARTH EXPL.

SAT. (E-S)(s-s)

SPACE RES. (E-S)(s-s) FX. MOB. MOBILE FIXED Mobile R- LOC. BCST-SATELLITE Fixed Radio- location B-SAT R- LOC. FX MOB Fixed Mobile Radiolocation FIXED MOBILE** Amateur RADIOLOCATION SPACE RES..(S-E) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) MARITIME MOBILE Mobile FIXED FIXED BROADCAST MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED F I X E D MARITIME MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE** FIXED SAT (S-E)

AERO. RADIONAV.

FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) Amateur- sat (s-e) Amateur MOBILE FIXED SAT(E-S) FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E)(E-S) FIXED FIXED SAT (E-S) MOBILE Radio- location RADIO- LOCATION FIXED SAT.(E-S) Mobile** Fixed Mobile FX SAT.(E-S) L M Sat(E-S) AERO RADIONAV FIXED SAT (E-S) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION Space Res.(act.) RADIOLOCATION Radiolocation Radioloc. RADIOLOC. Earth Expl Sat Space Res. Radiolocation BCST SAT. FIXED FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT. FX SAT (S-E) SPACE RES. FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) FIXED SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE SAT. (S-E) FX SAT (S-E) MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) FX SAT (S-E) STD FREQ. & TIME MOBILE SAT (S-E) EARTH EXPL. SAT. MOBILE FIXED SPACE RES. FIXED MOBILE MOBILE** FIXED EARTH EXPL. SAT. FIXED MOBILE** RAD.AST SPACE RES. FIXED MOBILE INTER-SATELLITE FIXED RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RES. (Passive) AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE Radio- location Amateur RADIO- LOCATION Earth Expl. Satellite (Active) FIXED INTER-SATELLITE RADIONAVIGATION RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE (E-S) INTER-SATELLITE FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) RADIONAVIGATION FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE FIXED Earth Exploration Satellite (S-S) std freq & time e-e-sat (s-s) MOBILE FIXED e-e-sat MOBILE SPACE RESEARCH (deep space) RADIONAVIGATION INTER- SAT SPACE RES. FIXED MOBILE SPACE RESEARCH (space-to-Earth) SPACE RES. FIXED

SAT. (S-E)

MOBILE FIXED FIXED-SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED FIXED SATELLITE MOBILE SAT. FIXED SAT MOBILE SAT. EARTH EXPL SAT (E-S) Earth Expl. Sat (s - e) SPACE

RES. (E-S)

FX-SAT (S-E) FIXED MOBILE BROAD- CASTING BCST SAT. RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED MOBILE** FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE SATELLITE (E-S) FIXED SATELLITE (E-S) MOBILE RADIONAV. SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE

MOB. SAT(E-S)

RADIONAV.SAT. MOBILE SAT (E-S). FIXED MOBILE F X SAT(E-S) MOBILE FIXED INTER- SAT EARTH EXPL-SAT (Passive) SPACE RES. INTER- SAT SPACE RES. EARTH-ES INTER- SAT EARTH-ES SPACE RES. MOBILE FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION

SAT. (Passive)

S P A C E RES. MOBILE FIXED INTER

FIXED MOBILE INTER- SAT RADIO- LOC. MOBILE FIXED EARTH EXPLORATION

SAT. (Passive)

MOBILE FIXED INTER- SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE** MOBILE** INTER- SATELLITE MOBILE INTER- SATELLITE RADIOLOC. Amateur Amateur Sat. Amateur RADIOLOC. AMATEUR SAT AMATEUR RADIOLOC. SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL SAT. (Passive) FIXED MOBILE INTER- SATELLITE SPACE RESEARCH (Passive) EARTH EXPL SAT. (Passive) Amatuer FIXED MO- BILE INTER- SAT. SPACE RES. E A R T H EXPL . SAT INTER- SATELLITE INTER-SAT. INTER-SAT. MOBILE FIXED FX-SAT (S - E) BCST - SAT. B- SAT. MOB** FX-SAT SPACE RESEARCH SPACE RES..

Why should you care about Wireless Embedded Systems?

Digital Radio

Source Source Source Destination Destination Destination Multiplex Demultiplex MAC MAC Modulator Demodulator Power Amp Radio Channel RF Filter

Carrier Frequency f0 Carrier Frequency f0 Limited bandwidth Time dependent Noisy

SLIDE 4

Radio Channel

Path loss proportional to 1/dn
Typical path loss constants
Problems

– Channel is time-varying and can be significantly different for nodes at the same distance – Link can even be asymmetric, i.e., the link between node 1 and 2 is different than the one from node 2 to 1

Environment n Free Space 2 Urban area cellular radio 2.7-3.5 Shadowed urban cellular radio 3 - 5 In-building Line of Sight 1.6 to 1.8 Obstructed in building 4 to 6 Obstructed in factories 2 to 3

No Disk Model Connectivity

Hidden Terminal Problem

! " # $ % &! &" &# &$ &%

'(()(*+,- '(.+,-

Zhou et al, Impact of Radio Irregularity on Wireless Sensor Networks 16 meters 13 meters

Taxonomy of MAC Protocols

Random-access vs. Scheduled
Time Slotted vs. Non-slotted
Peer-to-peer vs. Master-slave
MAC level retransmission

Adapted from M. Srivastava EE202B Lecture

Some Common Examples

ALOHA

– Random, slot-less or slotted, peer-to-peer

IEEE 802.11 infrastructure DCF and ad-hoc mode

– Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) – Random, slot-less, peer-to-peer

IEEE 802.11 infrastructure PCF

– Scheduled (polling), slot-less, master

Bluetooth Piconets

– Scheduled (polling), time-slot (with frequency hopping), master

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

SLIDE 5

Multi-Hop Routing

Different protocols and algorithms for different goals
Any-to-any routing

– DSDV, DSR, AODV

Geographic Routing

– Nodes know their own and their neighbor location – Address is physical location of node – Forward to neighbor closest to address

Directed Diffusion

– Data, not node, centric – Nodes publish data, users subscribe

Flooding, Gossiping, Trickle
Collection
IPv6 LoWPAN RPL (‘ripple’)

– proactive distance vector approach – optimized for low-power networks

Ack: Culler, MobiHoc ‘05

Power Aware MAC Protocols

TI CC2520, TI MSP430, Actel SmartFusion Power Comparison

TI CC2520

– RX 18.5mA – TX 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm, 25.8 mA @ 0 dBm – < 1 uA in power down

TI MSP430F5437A

– Active Mode: 5.7 mA, 3.0 V @ 25 MHz – Standby Mode: 2.1 uA, 3.0 V

Actel SmartFusion

– MSS running at 100 MHz, 40 mA – MSS in WFI at 100 MHz, 20 mA – Stand By: 3 mA on 1.5 V, 1 mA on 3.3 V – Time Keeping: 10 uA on 3.3 V

Time is Energy

Time Uncertainty Problem Asynchronous Approach (long preambles: e.g. 1212B @ 2.2%) Synchronous Approach (frequent sync packets: e.g. every 15s) Adapted from M. Srivastava EE202B Lecture

SLIDE 6

Receiver Initiated MACs

22 ! "

#$%&'( )*&+&,-&./ #$%&'0 )1&2%&./

! "

#$%&'3 )1&2%&./

4,56&2 7 7 ! ! 4 ! " 4,56&2 7 !89: ! " 4,56&2 7 ! ! " 7 !89: 7 9: 7

;.<=&'+$>>,5,$2 ?<+@+<56

from P. Dutta et. al “Design and Evaluation of a Versatile and Efficient Receiver-Initiated Link Layer for Low-Power Wireless”

Talking to a Radio, TI CC2520

$%&'()* %)+,*

./0*).12!+13!

4(5)'*! ,+0'6.12

789:;

9: <89 9140)5'0.(1! 3*'(3*) =/('>? )*4*0 $@A B8C

789:D 789:E 789:" 789:F 789:G <: <9 =<1

HI'*J0.(1! '(10)(//*) @B= @B= B@= B@= K8% LM!A9M

$M!A9M @@%

KN@

@H< A(35/+0() <O106*4.P*) %<A %< $H%! B9Q M:<= M:<=E"A&R" M:<=E"A&RF S54!'(10)(//*) S9@<

<=KT $H<HL1 $S9@< $%&N $%&8

@B9 Q)*2

B=:C8K Q$H7&HN

B*,(3 @7= 8< @B9 @0*40

TI CC2520 GPIO Configuration

GPIO pin Dir Value Pull up Extra drive Polarity Signal GPIOCTRLn value (hex) Description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

C05!2;! =>;816! ;>!MNN! L;! L;! ,;)02075! ! &J]&! L;!<81320;1!

TI CC2520 Power States

cc2520driver.h ! RX

RadioState_turnOn()

! Active

RadioState_standby()

! LPM1

RadioState_turnOff()

! LPM2

Not implemented yet RadioState_shutdown()

Active mode

R,*!DEREO8I# R,*!CDEFGEHIL R,*!DEREO8IL R,*!$R8I# P(3*!98*35!RTIL P(3*!98*35!+,<95(*.+! '()!)*(4353U,16! V),!(!*30,.9*6 RWTR$TXX =D(13.!09)*!4,!315,A RWTR$TH RHT? R,*!DEREO8I# R,*!$R8IL R,*!CDEFGEHI# R,*!F?7T&I#

LPM1 LPM2

R,*!DEREO8IL! R,*!CDEFGEHIL P(3*!98*35!+,<95(*.+! '()!)*(4353U,16! V),!(!*30,.9*6 RDER RWTR$TH RHT? R,*!$R8I#

Active mode

RDER R,*!$R8I#!(81 /(3*!98*35!RTIL R,*!$R8IL R,*!$R8IL

SLIDE 7

TI CC2520 Power States (2)

Switching state is NOT instantaneous
Depends on

– Radio hardware switch on/off times (e.g. crystal bootup) – SPI communication speed for initial configuration after shutdown

Power Draw

– RX: 18.5mA – TX: 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm – Active Mode: 1.6 mA – LPM1: 175 uA – LPM2: 30 nA

Wake-Up and Timing

– LPM2 ! Active Mode: 0.3 ms (regulator + XOSC startup time) – LPM1 ! Active Mode: 0.2 ms (XOSC startup time) – AM ! RX or TX: 192 us – DOES NOT INCLUDE SPI TRANSFERS!

TI 2520 Driver Bootup

Turn On Radio Initialize Radio AM ! RX

Mostly driver limitations, and slow SPI Clock @ 160kHz TI CC2520 Extra Features

Received Signal Strength RSSI

– 8-bit signed – Calculated for every packet received

void Radio_receive(uint8_t seqn, uint16_t panid, uint16_t saddr, uint16_t daddr, uint8_t* payload, uint8_t length, int8_t rssi);

– Approximately related to received signal power as P = RSSI - OFFSET [dBm] where OFFSET ! 76 dBm

– Clear channel assessment – Measures noise level of RF channel – High noise level indicates on-going communication – Implemented, but not exported in current driver

Many many more features

– See TI CC2520 Datasheet http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2520.pdf

Radio Modules

IEEE 802.15.4 Radios

– X-Bee

Out-of-the-box RF communication
Serial UART interface (API or AT Commands)

– Atmel AT86RF230 – STM32W (Cortex-M3 & Radio on a chip)

– e.g. Nordic nRF24AP1 or nRF24AP2 – Nike+ and in many iPhones/iPods

WiFi

– DigiConnect ME WiFi

Cellular

– Telit GM862, GSM/GPRS & GPS – Runs Python Scripts

RFID, DASH7, Bluetooth, Z-wave, RuBee, NFC

SLIDE 8

Some References

Prabal Dutta, Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Yin Chen, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, and Andreas Terzis, “Design

and Evaluation of a Versatile and Efficient Receiver-Initiated Link Layer for Low-Power Wireless,” ACM Sensys 2010 (http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~prabal/teaching/eecs373-f10/readings/p101-dutta.pdf)

Joseph Polastre, Jonathan Hui, Philip Levis, Jerry Zhao, David Culler, Scott Shenker, and Ion Stoica, “A

Unifying Link Abstraction for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensys 2005

Gahng-Seop Ahn, Emiliano Miluzzo, Andrew T. Campbell, Se Gi Hong, Francesca Cuomo, “Funneling-

MAC: A Localized, Sink-Oriented MAC for Boosting Fidelity in Sensor Networks,” ACM Sensys 2006.

Kevin Klues, Gregor y Hackmann, Octav Chipara, Chenyang Lu, “A Component-Based Architecture for

Power-Efficient Media Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM SenSys 2007.

Nicolas Burri, Pascal von Rickenbach, and Roger Wattenhofer, “Dozer: Ultra-Low Power Data Gathering

in Sensor Networks,” ACM/IEEE IPSN 2007.

Wei Ye, Fabio Silva, and John Heidemann, “Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling,”

ACM Sensys 2006.

M. Buettner, G. Yee, E. Anderson, R. Han, “X-MAC: A Short Preamble MAC Protocol for Duty-Cycled

Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM Sensys 2006.

Amre El-Hoiydi and Jean-Dominique Decotignie, “WiseMAC: An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for Multi-

hop Wireless Sensor Networks,” First International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (Algosensors 2004), July 2004.

S. Ganeriwal, I. Tsigkogiannis, H. Sim, V. Tsiatsis, M. B. Srivastava, and D. Ganesan, “Estimating Clock

Uncertainty for Efficient Duty-Cycling in Sensor Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2008. (Accepted)

J. Polastre, J. Hill, D. Culler, "Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks," ACM

Sensys 2004.