SLIDE 1
EECS 373
Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems
Thomas Schmid
University of Michigan Lecture 12: Wireless Communication October 14, 2010
1
Minute Quiz...
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EECS 373 Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems Thomas Schmid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
EECS 373 Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems Thomas Schmid - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
EECS 373 Design of Microprocessor-Based Systems Thomas Schmid University of Michigan Lecture 12: Wireless Communication October 14, 2010 1 Minute Quiz... 2 Announcements How do we deal with virtual timers that are close together?
SLIDE 2
SLIDE 3
Announcements
- How do we deal with virtual timers that are close
together?
– Keep time running while executing current handler – When handler returns, check for time and the next virtual timer – If it is time, execute the next handler. Else, set the HW timer
4
SLIDE 4
Inter-Integrated Circuit - I2C
- What is the simplest way to connect many serial devices
with just 2 wires?
- Addressing of chips
- Message acknowledgment
- Single master - multiple slave
- Multiple master - multiple slave
- Two bi-directional open-drain lines SDA, SCL
– Pull-up resistors to Vcc
- 7-bit address space with 16 addresses reserved
5
SLIDE 5
I2C
6
LSB MSB START SDA SCL 1 1 A2 A1 A0 ACK NOP/W
R/W
A2
A3
A2
A4
A2
A5
A2
A6 A2 A1 A0 ACK
S A A A P
R/W
9 8 2 1 START CONDITION SCL SDA CLOCK PULSE FOR ACKNOWLEDGMENT NOT ACKNOWLEDGE ACKNOWLEDGE
Stop Condition
SLIDE 6
How can we cut the cord?
7
SLIDE 7
Modulation is Key to Wireless Communication
- Transmit information over an analog pass-band channel
- AM/FM Modulation
8
- Alphabet of M=2N alternative symbols, each of size N
- If we have fs S/s, the data rate is N·fs bits/s
- Fundamental Digital Modulation
- Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
- Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
- Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
SLIDE 8
Phase Shift Keying
- Binary PSK (BPSK) M=2
- Quadrature PSK (QPSK) M=4
- 8PSK (M=8), 16PSK (M=16)
- Differential PSK (DPSK) Differential QPSK (DQPSK)
- Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
9 O-QPSK Constellation BPSK Constellation
Figures from wikipedia.org
SLIDE 9
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
- Adds amplitude modulation to phase shift keying
10 16-QAM Constelation
SLIDE 10
11
MOBILE (AERONAUTICAL TELEMETERING) S) 5.68 5.73 5.90 5.95 6.2 6.525 6.685 6.765 7.0 7.1 7.3 7.35 8.1 8.195 8.815 8.965 9.040 9.4 9.5 9.9 9.995 10.003 10.005 10.1 10.15 11.175 11.275 11.4 11.6 11.65 12.05 12.10 12.23 13.2 13.26 13.36 13.41 13.57 13.6 13.8 13.87 14.0 14.25 14.35 14.990 15.005 15.010 15.10 15.6 15.8 16.36 17.41 17.48 17.55 17.9 17.97 18.03 18.068 18.168 18.78 18.9 19.02 19.68 19.80 19.990 19.995 20.005 20.010 21.0 21.45 21.85 21.924 22.0 22.855 23.0 23.2 23.35 24.89 24.99 25.005 25.01 25.07 25.21 25.33 25.55 25.67 26.1 26.175 26.48 26.95 26.96 27.23 27.41 27.54 28.0 29.7 29.8 29.89 29.91 30.0 NOT ALLOCATED RADIONAVIGATION FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Radiolocation RADIONAVIGATION FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Radiolocation FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION Aeronautical Mobile Maritime Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) 3 9 14 19.95 20.05 30 30 59 61 70 90 110 130 160 190 200 275 285 3003 kHz 300 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 300 GHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz
Aeronautical Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) MARITIME RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Mobile Maritime Radionavigation (Radio Beacons) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) Aeronautical Mobile Aeronautical Mobile RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION MARITIME MOBILE Aeronautical Radionavigation MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING) MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE (SHIPS ONLY) MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION (RADIO BEACONS) BROADCASTING (AM RADIO) MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) MARITIME MOBILE (TELEPHONY) MOBILE (DISTRESS AND CALLING) MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (2500kHz) STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL Space Research MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) STANDARD FREQ. AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED MOBILE** Radio- location FIXED MOBILE* AMATEUR FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED MARITIME MOBILE MOBILE* MOBILE* MOBILE STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (5000 KHZ) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research MOBILE** AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED MOBILE* BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED Mobile AMATEUR SATELLITE AMATEUR AMATEUR FIXED Mobile MARITIME MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED BROADCASTING FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (10,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AMATEUR FIXED Mobile* AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) FIXED FIXED BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) RADIO ASTRONOMY Mobile* AMATEUR BROADCASTING AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE Mobile* FIXED BROADCASTING STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (15,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) MARITIME MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (OR) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) FIXED FIXED BROADCASTING STANDARD FREQ. Space Research FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Mobile FIXED AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE BROADCASTING FIXED AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MARITIME MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED Mobile* MOBILE** FIXED STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (25,000 kHz) STANDARD FREQ. Space Research LAND MOBILE MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE** RADIO ASTRONOMY BROADCASTING MARITIME MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED MOBILE** FIXED MOBILE** MOBILE FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE MOBILE** AMATEUR AMATEUR SATELLITE MOBILE LAND MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE FIXED FIXED LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE LAND MOBILE Radio Astronomy RADIO ASTRONOMY LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE FIXED LAND MOBILE FIXED FIXED MOBILE MOBILE LAND MOBILE AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 2-4) FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 5-6) BROADCASTING (FM RADIO) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE (R) MOBILE FIXED AMATEUR BROADCASTING (TV CHANNELS 7-13) MOBILE FIXED MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED MOBILE SATELLITE MOBILE FIXED MOBILE AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION- STD. FREQ. & TIME SIGNAL SAT. (400.1 MHz)
- MET. SAT.
- AERO. RADIO-
- SAT. (S-E)
- SAT. (Passive)
- SAT. (E-S)
- SAT. (Passive)
- Stand. Frequency
- SAT. (Passive)
- SAT. (Passive)
- SAT. (Passive)
- SAT. (Passive)
- SAT. (Passive)
- MET. SAT. (S-E)
- MOB. SAT. (S-E)
- MET. SAT. (S-E)
- Mob. Sat. (S-E)
- MET. SAT. (S-E)
- MOB. SAT. (S-E)
- MET. SAT. (S-E)
- Mob. Sat. (S-E)
- MET. AIDS
- MET. SAT.
- RADIONAV. SATELLITE (Space to Earth)
- AERO. RADIONAVIGATION
- AERO. RADIONAV.
- AERO. RADIONAV.
- SAT. (s-E)(s-s)
- EXPL. SAT.
30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHz ISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHz ISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz 300.0 322.0 328.6 335.4 399.9 400.05 400.15 401.0 402.0 403.0 406.0 406.1 410.0 420.0 450.0 454.0 455.0 456.0 460.0 462.5375 462.7375 467.5375 467.7375 470.0 512.0 608.0 614.0 698 746 764 776 794 806 821 824 849 851 866 869 894 896 901901 902 928 929 930 931 932 935 940 941 944 960 1215 1240 1300 1350 1390 1392 1395 2000 2020 2025 2110 2155 2160 2180 2200 2290 2300 2305 2310 2320 2345 2360 2385 2390 2400 2417 2450 2483.5 2500 2655 2690 2700 2900 3000 1400 1427 1429.5 1430 1432 1435 1525 1530 1535 1544 1545 1549.5 1558.5 1559 1610 1610.6 1613.8 1626.5 1660 1660.5 1668.4 1670 1675 1700 1710 1755 1850 MARITIME MOBILE SATELLITE (space to Earth) MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE (S-E) RADIOLOCATION Amateur Radiolocation AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION SPA CE RESEARCH ( Passive) EARTH EXPL SAT (Passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY MOBILE MOBILE ** FIXED-SAT (E-S) FIXED FIXED FIXED** LAND MOBILE (TLM) MOBILE SAT. (Space to Earth) MARITIME MOBILE SAT. (Space to Earth) Mobile (Aero. TLM) MOBILE SATELLITE (S-E) MOBILE SATELLITE (Space to Earth) AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SATELLITE (R) (space to Earth) 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.65 3.7 4.2 4.4 4.5 4.8 4.94 4.99 5.0 5.15 5.25 5.35 5.46 5.47 5.6 5.65 5.83 5.85 5.925 6.425 6.525 6.70 6.875 7.025 7.075 7.125 7.19 7.235 7.25 7.30 7.45 7.55 7.75 7.90 8.025 8.175 8.215 8.4 8.45 8.5 9.0 9.2 9.3 9.5 10.0 10.45 10.5 10.55 10.6 10.68 10.7 11.7 12.2 12.7 12.75 13.25 13.4 13.75 14.0 14.2 14.4 14.47 14.5 14.7145 15.1365 15.35 15.4 15.43 15.63 15.7 16.6 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.7 17.8 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.3 19.7 20.1 20.2 21.2 21.4 22.0 22.21 22.5 22.55 23.55 23.6 24.0 24.05 24.25 24.45 24.65 24.75 25.05 25.25 25.5 27.0 27.5 29.5 29.9 30.0 ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz 30.0 31.0 31.3 31.8 32.0 32.3 33.0 33.4 36.0 37.0 37.6 38.0 38.6 39.5 40.0 40.5 41.0 42.5 43.5 45.5 46.9 47.0 47.2 48.2 50.2 50.4 51.4 52.6 54.25 55.78 56.9 57.0 58.2 59.0 59.3 64.0 65.0 66.0 71.0 74.0 75.5 76.0 77.0 77.5 78.0 81.0 84.0 86.0 92.0 95.0 100.0 102.0 105.0 116.0 119.98 120.02 126.0 134.0 142.0 144.0 149.0 150.0 151.0 164.0 168.0 170.0 174.5 176.5 182.0 185.0 190.0 200.0 202.0 217.0 231.0 235.0 238.0 241.0 248.0 250.0 252.0 265.0 275.0 300.0 ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz INTER-SATELLITE RADIOLOCATION SATELLITE (E-S) AERONAUTICAL RADIONAV. RADIO ASTRONOMY FIXED MARITIME MOBILE FIXED MARITIME MOBILE Aeronautical Mobile STANDARD FREQ. AND TIME SIGNAL (60 kHz) FIXED Mobile*- STAND. FREQ. & TIME SIG.
- MET. AIDS
- SAT. (S-E)
- Freq. and
- SAT. (E-S)
- MET. AIDS
- SAT. (E-S)
- SAT. (E-S)
- SAT. (E-S)(s-s)
- AERO. RADIONAV.
- SAT. (S-E)
- RES. (E-S)
- MOB. SAT(E-S)
- SAT. (Passive)
- SAT
- SAT. (Passive)
SLIDE 11
Why should you care about Wireless Embedded Systems?
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SLIDE 12
Digital Radio
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Source Source Source Destination Destination Destination Multiplex Demultiplex MAC MAC Modulator Demodulator Power Amp Radio Channel RF Filter
Carrier Frequency f0 Carrier Frequency f0 Limited bandwidth Time dependent Noisy
SLIDE 13
Radio Channel
- Path loss proportional to 1/dn
- Typical path loss constants
- Problems
– Channel is time-varying and can be significantly different for nodes at the same distance – Link can even be asymmetric, i.e., the link between node 1 and 2 is different than the one from node 2 to 1
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Environment n Free Space 2 Urban area cellular radio 2.7-3.5 Shadowed urban cellular radio 3 - 5 In-building Line of Sight 1.6 to 1.8 Obstructed in building 4 to 6 Obstructed in factories 2 to 3
SLIDE 14
No Disk Model Connectivity
- Hidden Terminal Problem
15
! " # $ % &! &" &# &$ &%
'(()(*+,- '(.+,-
!
Zhou et al, Impact of Radio Irregularity on Wireless Sensor Networks 1 6 m e t e r s 1 3 m e t e r s
SLIDE 15
Taxonomy of MAC Protocols
- Random-access vs. Scheduled
- Time Slotted vs. Non-slotted
- Peer-to-peer vs. Master-slave
- MAC level retransmission
16
Adapted from M. Srivastava EE202B Lecture
SLIDE 16
Some Common Examples
- ALOHA
– Random, slot-less or slotted, peer-to-peer
- IEEE 802.11 infrastructure DCF and ad-hoc mode
– Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) – Random, slot-less, peer-to-peer
- IEEE 802.11 infrastructure PCF
– Scheduled (polling), slot-less, master
- Bluetooth Piconets
– Scheduled (polling), time-slot (with frequency hopping), master
- Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
- Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
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SLIDE 17
Multi-Hop Routing
- Different protocols and algorithms for different goals
- Any-to-any routing
– DSDV, DSR, AODV
- Geographic Routing
– Nodes know their own and their neighbor location – Address is physical location of node – Forward to neighbor closest to address
- Directed Diffusion
– Data, not node, centric – Nodes publish data, users subscribe
- Flooding, Gossiping, Trickle
- Collection
- IPv6 LoWPAN RPL (‘ripple’)
– proactive distance vector approach – optimized for low-power networks
18
Ack: Culler, MobiHoc ‘05
SLIDE 18
Power Aware MAC Protocols
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SLIDE 19
TI CC2520, TI MSP430, Actel SmartFusion Power Comparison
- TI CC2520
– RX 18.5mA – TX 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm, 25.8 mA @ 0 dBm – < 1 uA in power down
- TI MSP430F5437A
– Active Mode: 5.7 mA, 3.0 V @ 25 MHz – Standby Mode: 2.1 uA, 3.0 V
- Actel SmartFusion
– MSS running at 100 MHz, 40 mA – MSS in WFI at 100 MHz, 20 mA – Stand By: 3 mA on 1.5 V, 1 mA on 3.3 V – Time Keeping: 10 uA on 3.3 V
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SLIDE 20
Time is Energy
21
Time Uncertainty Problem Asynchronous Approach (long preambles: e.g. 1212B @ 2.2%) Synchronous Approach (frequent sync packets: e.g. every 15s)
Adapted from M. Srivastava EE202B Lecture
SLIDE 21
Receiver Initiated MACs
22
! "
#$%&'( )*&+&,-&./ #$%&'0 )1&2%&./
! "
#$%&'3 )1&2%&./
4,56&2 7 7 ! ! 4 ! " 4,56&2 7 !89: ! " 4,56&2 7 ! ! " 7 !89: 7 9: 7
;.<=&'+$>>,5,$2 ?<+@+<56
from P. Dutta et. al “Design and Evaluation of a Versatile and Efficient Receiver-Initiated Link Layer for Low-Power Wireless”
SLIDE 22
Talking to a Radio, TI CC2520
23
$%&'()* %)+,*
- ./0*).12!+13!
4(5)'*! ,+0'6.12
789:;
9: <89 9140)5'0.(1! 3*'(3*) =/('>? )*4*0 $@A B8C
789:D 789:E 789:" 789:F 789:G <: <9 =<1
HI'*J0.(1! '(10)(//*) @B= @B= B@= B@= K8% LM!A9M
8@
$M!A9M @@%
KN@
@H< A(35/+0() <O106*4.P*) %<A %< $H%! B9Q M:<= M:<=E"A&R" M:<=E"A&RF S54!'(10)(//*) S9@<
<=KT $H<HL1 $S9@< $%&N $%&8
@B9 Q)*2
B=:C8K Q$H7&HN
B*,(3 @7= 8< @B9 @0*40
!
SLIDE 23
TI CC2520 GPIO Configuration
24
GPIO pin Dir Value Pull up Extra drive Polarity Signal GPIOCTRLn value (hex) Description &! .82! &! L;! L;! ,;)02075! 39;3S! &J&&! KGUV!39;3S!)0=1(9!F02'!#&W#&!682:!3:395A! K! .82! &! L;! L;! ,;)02075! <0<;! &J%X! U0='!F'51!;15!;>!Q;>5!4:25)!(>5!01!2'5!DY!Z-Z.A! E;F!68>01=!DY!Z-Z.!;75><9;FA! %! .82! &! L;! L;! ,;)02075! <0<;/! &J%[! U0='!F'51!2'5!18Q45>!;<!4:25)!01!2'5!DY!Z-Z.! 5J3556)!2'5!/>;=>(QQ(495!2'>5)';96!;>!(2!95()2!;15! 3;Q/9525!<>(Q5!0)!01!2'5!DY!Z-Z.A!\9);!'0='!68>01=! DY!Z-Z.!;75><9;FA! "! .82! &! L;! L;! ,;)02075! 33(! &J%]! $95(>!3'(1159!())5))Q512A!H55!ZHGHC\CK!>5=0)25>! <;>!652(09)!;1!';F!2;!3;1<0=8>5!2'5!45'(70;>!;<!2'0)! )0=1(9A! T! .82! &! L;! L;! ,;)02075! )<6! &J%\! ,01!0)!'0='!F'51!HZN!'()!4551!>5350756!;>! 2>(1)Q02256A!$95(>56!F'51!95(701=!DYWCY! >5)/5320759:A! #!
- 1!
C05!2;! =>;816! ;>!MNN! L;! L;! ,;)02075! ! &J]&! L;!<81320;1!
!
SLIDE 24
TI CC2520 Power States cc2520driver.h ! RX
RadioState_turnOn()
! Active
RadioState_standby()
! LPM1
RadioState_turnOff()
! LPM2
Not implemented yet RadioState_shutdown()
25
Active mode
R,*!DEREO8I# R,*!CDEFGEHIL R,*!DEREO8IL R,*!$R8I# P(3*!98*35!RTIL P(3*!98*35!+,<95(*.+! '()!)*(4353U,16! V),!(!*30,.9*6 RWTR$TXX =D(13.!09)*!4,!315,A RWTR$TH RHT? R,*!DEREO8I# R,*!$R8IL R,*!CDEFGEHI# R,*!F?7T&I#
LPM1 LPM2
R,*!DEREO8IL! R,*!CDEFGEHIL P(3*!98*35!+,<95(*.+! '()!)*(4353U,16! V),!(!*30,.9*6 RDER RWTR$TH RHT? R,*!$R8I#
Active mode
RDER R,*!$R8I#!(81 /(3*!98*35!RTIL R,*!$R8IL R,*!$R8IL
!
RX
SLIDE 25
TI CC2520 Power States (2)
- Switching state is NOT instantaneous
- Depends on
– Radio hardware switch on/off times (e.g. crystal bootup) – SPI communication speed for initial configuration after shutdown
- Power Draw
– RX: 18.5mA – TX: 33.6 mA @ +5 dBm – Active Mode: 1.6 mA – LPM1: 175 uA – LPM2: 30 nA
- Wake-Up and Timing
– LPM2 ! Active Mode: 0.3 ms (regulator + XOSC startup time) – LPM1 ! Active Mode: 0.2 ms (XOSC startup time) – AM ! RX or TX: 192 us – DOES NOT INCLUDE SPI TRANSFERS!
26
SLIDE 26
TI 2520 Driver Bootup
27
Turn On Radio Initialize Radio AM ! RX
Mostly driver limitations, and slow SPI Clock @ 160kHz
SLIDE 27
TI CC2520 Extra Features
- Received Signal Strength RSSI
– 8-bit signed – Calculated for every packet received
void Radio_receive(uint8_t seqn, uint16_t panid, uint16_t saddr, uint16_t daddr, uint8_t* payload, uint8_t length, int8_t rssi);
– Approximately related to received signal power as P = RSSI - OFFSET [dBm] where OFFSET ! 76 dBm
- CCA
– Clear channel assessment – Measures noise level of RF channel – High noise level indicates on-going communication – Implemented, but not exported in current driver
- Many many more features
– See TI CC2520 Datasheet http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2520.pdf
28
SLIDE 28
Radio Modules
- IEEE 802.15.4 Radios
– X-Bee
- Out-of-the-box RF communication
- Serial UART interface (API or AT Commands)
– Atmel AT86RF230 – STM32W (Cortex-M3 & Radio on a chip)
- ANT
– e.g. Nordic nRF24AP1 or nRF24AP2 – Nike+ and in many iPhones/iPods
- WiFi
– DigiConnect ME WiFi
- Cellular
– Telit GM862, GSM/GPRS & GPS – Runs Python Scripts
- RFID, DASH7, Bluetooth, Z-wave, RuBee, NFC
29
SLIDE 29
Some References
- Prabal Dutta, Stephen Dawson-Haggerty, Yin Chen, Chieh-Jan Mike Liang, and Andreas Terzis, “Design
and Evaluation of a Versatile and Efficient Receiver-Initiated Link Layer for Low-Power Wireless,” ACM Sensys 2010 (http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~prabal/teaching/eecs373-f10/readings/p101-dutta.pdf)
- Joseph Polastre, Jonathan Hui, Philip Levis, Jerry Zhao, David Culler, Scott Shenker, and Ion Stoica, “A
Unifying Link Abstraction for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensys 2005
- Gahng-Seop Ahn, Emiliano Miluzzo, Andrew T. Campbell, Se Gi Hong, Francesca Cuomo, “Funneling-
MAC: A Localized, Sink-Oriented MAC for Boosting Fidelity in Sensor Networks,” ACM Sensys 2006.
- Kevin Klues, Gregor y Hackmann, Octav Chipara, Chenyang Lu, “A Component-Based Architecture for
Power-Efficient Media Access Control in Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM SenSys 2007.
- Nicolas Burri, Pascal von Rickenbach, and Roger Wattenhofer, “Dozer: Ultra-Low Power Data Gathering
in Sensor Networks,” ACM/IEEE IPSN 2007.
- Wei Ye, Fabio Silva, and John Heidemann, “Ultra-Low Duty Cycle MAC with Scheduled Channel Polling,”
ACM Sensys 2006.
- M. Buettner, G. Yee, E. Anderson, R. Han, “X-MAC: A Short Preamble MAC Protocol for Duty-Cycled
Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM Sensys 2006.
- Amre El-Hoiydi and Jean-Dominique Decotignie, “WiseMAC: An Ultra Low Power MAC Protocol for Multi-
hop Wireless Sensor Networks,” First International Workshop on Algorithmic Aspects of Wireless Sensor Networks (Algosensors 2004), July 2004.
- S. Ganeriwal, I. Tsigkogiannis, H. Sim, V. Tsiatsis, M. B. Srivastava, and D. Ganesan, “Estimating Clock
Uncertainty for Efficient Duty-Cycling in Sensor Networks,” IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 2008. (Accepted)
- J. Polastre, J. Hill, D. Culler, "Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks," ACM
Sensys 2004.
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