E ff ective Written Communication Instructor: Heather Plett www . - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Effective Written Communication

Instructor: Heather Plett www.heatherplett.com

(see “student link” at bottom for notes)

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Welcome!

• Name?
• Favourite kind of writing/reading?
• A little about yourself and why you’re

here, studying PR?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Class material

• All class material can be found at:
• www.heatherplett.com
• click on “student link” at the bottom right
• click on “Effective Written Communication”
• password: Winnipeg

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Community Agreements

• We will treat each other respectfully and with kindness.
• We will offer constructive criticism only when it is

asked for or appropriate.

• We will do our best to honour each other by showing

up on time and not being disruptive.

• We will honour our own wisdom and be willing to

share it when appropriate.

• We will honour each other’s wisdom and welcome it

when appropriate.

• We will be self-aware and hold ourselves accountable.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

About this class

• Practice is important
• You’ll be stretching some writing muscles that

might not seem directly connected to business communication

• Some of the exercises are about exploring creative

communication & finding your personal voice

• Your effort to improve your writing is more

important than marks

• Discussion is welcome, but confrontation or

arguing to prove yourself is not

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Stretching Exercise

• Where are you from?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Where I’m From (by George Ella Lyon) I am from clothespins, from Clorox and carbon-tetrachloride. I am from the dirt under the back porch. (Black, glistening, it tasted like beets.) I am from the forsythia bush the Dutch elm whose long-gone limbs I remember as if they were my own. I’m from fudge and eyeglasses, from Imogene and Alafair. I’m from the know-it-alls and the pass-it-ons, from Perk up! and Pipe down! I’m from He restoreth my soul with a cottonball lamb and ten verses I can say myself. I’m from Artemus and Billie’s Branch, fried corn and strong coffee. From the finger my grandfather lost to the auger, the eye my father shut to keep his sight. Under my bed was a dress box spilling old pictures, a sif of lost faces to drif beneath my dreams. I am from those moments-- snapped before I budded -- leaf-fall from the family tree.

http://www.georgeellalyon.com/audio/where.mp3

Sunday, 11 November, 12

• I am from _______ (specific ordinary item), from _______ (product name)

and _______.

• I am from the _______ (home description... adjective, adjective, sensory

detail).

• I am from the _______ (plant, flower, natural item), the _______ (plant,

flower, natural detail)

• I am from _______ (family tradition) and _______ (family trait), from

_______ (name of family member) and _______ (another family name) and _______ (family name).

• I am from the _______ (description of family tendency) and _______

(another one).

• From _______ (something you were told as a child) and _______ (another).
• I am from (representation of religion, or lack of it). Further description.
• I'm from _______ (place of birth and family ancestry), _______ (two food

items representing your family).

• From the _______ (specific family story about a specific person and detail),

the _______ (another detail, and the _______ (another detail about another family member).

• I am from _______ (location of family pictures, mementos, archives and several

more lines indicating their worth).

Sunday, 11 November, 12

SCHEDULE LECTURE TOPICS PRE-READING November 12, 2012

• Introductions
• Overview of Course
• Analyzing the purpose for writing
• Codifying the message
• The writing process
• Effective Writing Strategies
• Writing emails

Writing activities and sections for reading will be assigned from the course manual each week. November 19, 2012

• Effective Writing Strategies (cont’d)
• Anticipating the audience
• Adapting to the task and audience
• Writing and revising
• Choosing the appropriate style
• Concrete/Abstract
• Passive/active
• Avoiding surplus words

November 26, 2012

• Communicating positive & negative

messages

• Direct & indirect message
• Communicating with narrative

December 3, 2012

• Structuring questions
• Responding to questions
• Apologies
• Writing persuasively

December 10, 2012

• Effective sales messages
• Choosing words carefully
• Writing for the web
• Identifying your audience

January 7, 2013

• Writing proposals
• Effective emails, letters, memos, etc.
• Writing for social media

January 14, 2013

• Writing to impact change
• Defining your voice
• Final Exam

January 21, 2013

• Exam Review
• Presentation of final assignment

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Assignments

VALUE ITEM OF WORK DUE DATE 10 marks Effective email November 26, 2012 15 marks Biography - effective sentences & paragraphs December 10, 2012 15 marks Letter January 7, 2013 20 marks Writing to impact change presentation January 21, 2013 30 marks In-class Exam January 14, 2013 10 marks Class Participation - Based on class participation & attendance Not applicable

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Some thoughts on writing & communication

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

No matter where you work,

communication is vital to your

success.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Effective communication builds

trust,

which is essential in every line of business.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Even as technology changes, the basic requirements of effective

communication do not change.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Your performance will be judged on how well you communicate.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

With technology becoming so central to the way we work, effective written communication is even more important.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

At the core, almost all communication involves some elements of

storytelling.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

We are all communicating every day in some form or another, even when we don’t realize it.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Relationships are not possible without communication.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Communication

is a two-way street.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Good writing emerges from a lot of practice, practice, and more practice.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

A creative edge & personal voice are ofen more valuable than technical perfection.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Current Challenges for Business

• ongoing development of new

information technologies

• the increasing global nature of business
• growing diversity in the workplace & in

types of workplaces

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Main Categories of Business Communication

• internal-operational communication
• external-operational communication
• personal communication

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Business trends illustrating the need for good comm. skills

(page 5)

• Innovative communication technologies
• Flattened management hierarchies
• More participatory management
• Increased emphasis on self-directed work &

project teams

• Heightened global competition & collaboration
• New work environments
• The move to a knowledge economy

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

How technology improves business writing

• designing & producing professional-looking

documents, presentations, and web pages

• using templates
• collecting information electronically
• adding graphics for emphasis
• improving correctness & precision
• using sofware for team writing

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Business Communication as Problem Solving

• problem = a gap between where you are

now and where you want to be

• problems can be well defined or ill

defined

• most problems are ill defined
• people add complexity to problems
• there are no formulas

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

In communication, the context matters

• organizational contexts
• professional contexts
• hierarchical contexts
• personal contexts

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

The process of business communication

• 1. Sensing a communication need.
• 2. Defining the situation.
• 3. Considering possible communication

strategies.

• 4. Selecting a course of action.
• 5. Composing the message.
• 6. Sending the message.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Codifying the message

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

On the recipient’s end...

• 1. Receiving the message.
• 2. Interpreting the message.
• 3. Deciding on a response.
• 4. Replying to the message.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

The communication

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

How culture affects communication

(page 18)

• Start by understanding habits & beliefs that

characterize Canadian context:

• individualism versus collectivism
• formality - less emphasis on tradition, ceremony, and

social rules than people in some other cultures

• communication style - value straightforwardness, are

suspicious of evasiveness, and distrust people who may have a “hidden agenda” - uncomfortable with silence

• time orientation - consider time a precious commodity to

be conserved - time is equated with productivity, efficiency & money

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Tips for minimizing written miscommunication among cross- cultural audiences

• adopt local styles
• consider hiring a translator
• use short sentences & short paragraphs
• avoid ambiguous language (eg. idioms -

“once in a blue moon” , and jargon - “input, bottom line”)

• cite numbers carefully - convert dollar figures

into local currency, spell out months, etc.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Tips for Effective Communication with Diverse Audiences

• understand the value of difference
• don’t expect conformity
• create zero tolerance for bias and stereotypes
• practice focused, thoughtful & open-minded

listening

• invite, use, and give feedback
• make fewer assumptions
• learn about your cultural self
• seek common ground

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Exercise - Translate these idioms:

• let the cat out of the bag
• take the bull by the horns
• he is a tightwad
• putting the cart before the horse
• to be on the road
• lend someone a hand
• with flying colours
• turn over a new leaf

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Stretching exercise

• In small groups, discuss the following:
• A story of effective communication
• A story of ineffective communication
• I would like to improve my writing so that...

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

The Writing Process

Planning

• Determining

goals

• Analyzing the

audience

• Gathering &

collecting

• Analyzing &
• rganizing
• Choosing a form

Drafting

• Being flexible
• Keeping going
• Using your own

favourite strategies

Revising

• Revising contents,

structure & format

• Editing sentences

& words

• Proofreading

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Planning

Determining goals

• what do you want to accomplish?
• what does success look like?
• how do you know you’ve met those

goals?

Analyzing the audience

• who are you writing for? why?
• primary audience? secondary

audience?

• what do they have to gain?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Planning (cont’d)

Gathering & collecting

• research, background info.
• who are your subject matter experts?

Analyzing & organizing

• what info. is pertinent?
• how should it be organized?

Choosing a form

• letter, email, brochure, article, text msg?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Drafing

Being flexible

• try different methods, phrases, etc.
• don’t limit yourself

Keeping going

• get something down on paper & edit later

Using your own favourite strategies

• where do you do your best writing?
• start in the middle? at the end?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Revising

Revising contents, structure & format

• does it need another format to make it

more effective?

• what content is missing?

Editing sentences & words

• cleaning up excess words
• sentence structure, grammar, etc.

Proofreading

• typos, etc.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Choosing the medium

• Letters
• for relatively formal circumstances - primarily external
• Memorandums
• generally for internal communications - sometimes as

fax header

• Email
• now acceptable for almost all forms of communication
• Text messaging (sms)
• for quick messages - only the essentials

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

The medium (cont’d)

• Instant messaging (online chatting)
• interactive - personal
• Social networking
• brief, public
• Blogs & websites
• public (even if they’re targeted)
• What’s next?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Effective emails

• Pros
• eliminates “phone tag” & allows person to

respond when available

• saves time & interruptions
• speeds the process & permits rapid exchanges
• cheap
• provides a written record

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Emails

• Cons:
• not confidential
• absence of non-verbal clues (voice

intonation, facial expression, etc.)

• doesn’t communicate emotions well
• easy to ignore or delay

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Email

• Beginning the message:
• make it as formal or informal as the relationship

requires

• identify yourself, if necessary
• Organizing the content
• a “top-down” order is most ofen appropriate
• most important information first
• positive info. may be more direct, while negative
• info. more indirect

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Email

• Writing the message:
• formality: determine the nature of the

relationship - casual, informal, or formal?

• conciseness: as short as complete coverage
• f the subject matter will permit
• clarity: concreteness, vigor & precision
• etiquette: courteous - keep it professional
• correctness: proofread & edit carefully

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Goals for effective emails:

• Will actually be read
• Will actually be understood
• Will not annoy the receiver
• Does not take up too much time on the

receiver’s end.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Inappropriate use of email

• message is long, complicated, or requires negotiation
• questions or information need clarification and

discussion

• information is confidential or sensitive, requires security
• r could be misinterpreted
• message is emotionally charged & requires tone of voice
• message is sent to avoid direct contact with a person
• message contains sensitive issues, relays feelings, or

attempts to resolve conflict

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Which message opener is more effective?

An email inquiring about web hosting:

• 1. We are considering launching our own website

because we feel it is the only way to keep up with

• ur competition and make our product more visible

in a crowded market. We have a lot of questions and need information about web hosting.

• 2. Please answer the following questions about hosting
• ur new website, which we hope to launch to

increase our product visibility in a crowded market.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

An email message announcing a professional development program:

• 1. Employees interested in improving their

writing and communication skills are invited to a training program beginning October 4.

• 2. For the past year we have been

investigating the possibility of developing a communication skills training program for some of our employees.

Which message opener is more effective?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Stretching exercise

• Rewrite one of the following opening paragraphs:
• Several staff members came to me and announced their

interest in learning more about severance plans and separation policies. As most of you know, these areas of concern are increasingly important for most Human Resources professionals. A seminar entitled “Severance & Separation Benefits” is being conducted February 11. The following employees are attending the seminar: Dave Neufeld, Tayreez Mushani, and Gail Switzer.

• Your employee association has secured discounts on auto

repair, carpet purchases, travel arrangements, and many

• ther services. These services are available to you if you

have a Buying Power Card. All employees are eligible for their own private Buying Power Cards.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Effective emails - tips

• Use simple subject line with enough

information & interest that the recipient wants to open it (consider it a headline)

• Keep it short. You can always follow up with

more info. if necessary.

• Proofread carefully.
• Use proper capitalization for anything

formal/professional.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Email tips (cont’d)

• Provide key information with your

signature (eg. company name, website, etc.)

• If you’re sending attachments, make sure

they’re small & readable.

• Be clear, concise, and complete.
• Be as personal as you can be without
• ffending.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Email tips (cont’d)

• Make one point per email
• Specify the response you want
• Make sure all the necessary information

is included.

• Avoid “dumping” - sending too much

information to too many people too

• fen.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Email tips (cont’d)

• Don’t use email to avoid contact.
• Never respond when you’re angry.
• Care about correctness.
• Resist humour and personal jokes.
• Limit the tendency to copy to your

distribution list.

• Limit the tendency to reply to the entire cc

list.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Email tips (cont’d)

• Consider using identifying labels (eg.

“Action” , “Urgent”

• Use capitals letters only for emphasis or for

titles

• Announce attachments; consider

summarizing or highlighting important aspects briefly in the email body

• Consider asking for permission before

forwarding

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Consider the audience benefits

(page 40)

Sender focus: To enable us to update

• ur shareholder records,

we ask that the enclosed card be returned. Our warranty becomes effective only when we receive an owner’s registration. Audience focus: So that you may promptly receive dividend cheques and information related to your shares, please return the enclosed card. Your warranty begins working for you as soon as you return your

• wner’s registration.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Polite “You” View

(page 40)

“I/We” View: I have scheduled your vacation to begin May 1. “You” View: You may begin your vacation May 1. “I/We” View: We have shipped your order by courier, and we are sure it will arrive in time for the sales promotion on January 15. “You” View: Your order will be delivered by courier in time for your sales promotion January 15.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Exercise - Revise to emphasize the audience perspective and the “you” view

• To prevent us from possibly losing large sums of money, our

bank now requires verification of any large cheque presented for immediate payment.

• We take pride in announcing daily flights to Singapore.
• So that we may comply with new federal privacy legislation,

we are asking you to complete the enclosed waiver.

• For just $1,195 per person, we have arranged a seven-day trip

to Las Vegas that includes deluxe accommodations, a Cirque du Soleil performance, and selected meals.

• I give my permission to attend the two-day workshop.
• I think my background and my education match the

description of the manager trainee position you advertised.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Conversational but Professional

(page 43)

Unprofessional (low-level diction) badmouth guts pecking order ticked off rat on rip off TTLY Conversational (mid-level diction) criticize nerve line of command upset inform steal talk to you later

Formal (high-level diction) denigrate courage dominance heirarchy provoked betray embezzle I’ll be in touch soon about this

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Warm, friendly tone that sounds professional (page 42)

Formal: All employees are herewith instructed to return appropriately designated contracts to the undersigned. Conversational: Please return your contracts to me. Formal: Pertaining to your order, we must verify the sizes that your organization requires prior to consignment of your order to our shipper. Conversational: We’ll send your order as soon as we confirm the sizes you need.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Exercise: convert to conversational, professional tone

• Kindly inform the undersigned whether or not your

representative will be making a visitation in the near future.

• Pursuant to your letter of the 12th, please be advised

that your shipment was sent 9 June 2012.

• She was pretty ticked off because the manager

accused her of ripping off office supplies.

• Kindly be informed that your vehicle has been

determined to require corrective work.

• He didn’t have the guts to badmouth her to her face.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Positive Language

(page 43)

Negative: We are unable to send your shipment until we receive proof of your payment. Positive: We look forward to sending your shipment as soon as we receive your payment. Negative: You will never regret opening an account with us. Positive: Your new account enables you to purchase high-quality clothing at reasonable prices.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Courteous Language

(page 43)

Less courteous: You must complete the report before Friday. More courteous: Please complete the report by Friday. Less courteous: You should organize a car pool in this department. More courteous: Organizing a car pool will reduce your transportation costs and help preserve the environment.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Familiar words

(page 45)

Less familiar: ascertain conceptualize encompass hypothesis monitor

• perational
• ption

perpetuate perplexing Alternatives: find out see include guess check working choice continue troubling

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Analyzing, Anticipating, Adapting

• Do I really need to write this email?
• Why am I writing?
• How will the reader react?
• How can I save my reader’s time?

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

What’s wrong with this email?

Subject: Meeting Hi Jim. I just wanted to remind you about the meeting we have scheduled for next week. Let me know if you have any questions. Best wishes, Mark

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

More effective version:

Subject: Reminder of Meeting, 10am on July 30 on harassment policy Hi Jim I just wanted to remind you about the meeting we have scheduled for Monday, July 30, at 10:00 am. It’s being held in conference room A, and we’ll be discussing the new harassment

• policy. A representative from the board of directors will be

present, along with the human resources team. If you have any questions, feel free to get in touch (954-3024). Best wishes, Mark

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

The PASS Process for emails

• P is for PURPOSE - what is the purpose of the email?
• A is for ACTION - what action needs to result from

the email? does it have a due date? (task? respond? read?)

• S is for support - what supporting documentation

needs to be included or attached?

• S is for Summary - have you successfully summarized

your message in the subject line?

http://workawesome.com/communication/ effective-email-communication/

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Assignment

• Write one of the following emails:
• You’re writing to your city councillor to

request that they consider putting a stop sign on your street to slow traffic.

• You’re inquiring about renting a room at the

local community centre to host a celebration for your sports team.

Sunday, 11 November, 12

Heather Plett

sharing stories, wisdom & courage www.heatherplett.com

Grading assignments

• Assignments will be graded for: (approx. breakdown)
• content & development (eg. clarity, accuracy, effectiveness,

creativity) - approx. 50%

• rganization & structure (paragraphs & sentences are well
• rganized & structured) - approx. 20%
• format (appropriate formatting for content/message) - approx.

10%

• grammar, punctuation & spelling - approx. 20%
• My notes will convey the missing elements, but not an exact

breakdown.

• You will have one opportunity to re-submit an assignment

to improve your grade.

Sunday, 11 November, 12