Dur Duration tion Requir equired f ed for or Mold Mold Growth - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Dur Duration tion Requir equired f ed for or Mold Mold Growth - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Apr 17, 2023 338 likes •799 views

Christopher Martinez, MSME, EI, CIE, MRSA Holmes Engineering Group Chris@HolmesEngineeringGroup.com Office Number: 727-873-3907 Dur Duration tion Requir equired f ed for or Mold Mold Growth Gr wth Arising Arising fr from om Condens

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Dur Duration tion Requir equired f ed for

  • r Mold

Mold Gr Growth wth Arising Arising fr from

  • m

Condens Condensation tion De Development elopment

  • n Interior
  • n Interior Surf

Surfaces aces

Christopher Martinez, MSME, EI, CIE, MRSA Holmes Engineering Group Chris@HolmesEngineeringGroup.com Office Number: 727-873-3907

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Ac Ackno knowledgements wledgements

  • IAQA
  • Co-Author:

Ralph E. Moon, Ph.D. CIAQP, CHMM

  • Reviewers:

Julie Kahn, MSBE Ross Montgomery, PE Raymond Patenaude, PE– only their names and affiliations can be listed ( John Doe – Acme Company)

  • No Images or Logos allowed
  • No emails or phone numbers allowed
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Ov Over erview view

  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Building Material Properties
  • 3. Condensation
  • 4. Microbial Growth
  • 5. Condensation and Microbial Growth
  • 6. Limitations and Future Work
  • 7. Conclusionsontent
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1. 1. Intr Introduction

  • duction
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Intr Introduction

  • duction

A

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2. 2. Building Building Ma Material terial Pr Proper

  • perties

ties

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Thermal Conductance

Building Building Ma Material terial Pr Proper

  • perties

ties

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Vapor Permeability

Building Building Ma Material terial Pr Proper

  • perties

ties

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Moisture Content

Building Building Ma Material terial Pr Proper

  • perties

ties

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Moisture Content and Thermal Conductance

Building Building Ma Material terial Pr Proper

  • perties

ties

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3. 3. Condens Condensation tion

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Condensa Condensation tion

Water Vapor

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Condensa Condensation tion

Water Vapor

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Condensa Condensation tion

Vulnerability

  • 1. Dew Point
  • 2. Surface Temperature
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Condensa Condensation tion

Relative humidity (RH) is just that, its

relative!

  • Dew Point
  • Humidity Ratio
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Condensa Condensation tion

Visible thin film condensation: Glass, metal, vinyl, etc.

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4. 4. Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

Mold Growth

Spores Moisture Nutrients Suitable Climate

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  • Non-porous condensation means aw = 1.0
  • Some fungi aw <0.65
  • Most filamentous fungi aw >0.90

Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

Water Activity (Aw) Moisture Content (MC) Moisture available Moisture within 0 to 1 0 to 100% Porous or non-porous Porous only

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5. 5. Condens Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Buildings are dynamic …

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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… even when unoccupied

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Interior Moisture Sources

  • Occupants (Perspiration and respiration)
  • Their activities (Cooking and sanitation)
  • Free water releases (Plumbing leaks)

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Locations Vulnerable to Condensation

  • AC components
  • Window assemblies
  • Poorly ventilated areas
  • Overcrowded areas
  • Exterior walls, especially those with thermal

bridges and thermal breaks

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Thermal Bridging – Passing highly conductive materials through insulation layers …

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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  • A glimpse at condensation modeling with

Nusselt number based estimations

  • 3 ft. by 3 ft. non-porous material

symbolizing a window

  • Various dew point and surface

temperatures

Modeling Condensa Modeling Condensation tion

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Modeling Condensa Modeling Condensation tion

Dew Point (°F) Surface Temp. (°F) Maximum condensation film depth (mils) Total condensation rate (oz./min.) 62.5 40.0 7.54 34.8 62.5 60.0 4.27 7.04 65.0 60.0 5.03 12.0 67.5 60.0 5.57 16.3 82.5 60.0 7.17 40.2 85.0 60.0 7.10 47.1 87.5 60.0 7.22 51.5 82.5 80.0 4.04 7.74

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Modeling Condensa Modeling Condensation tion

  • 8,000 ft3 space with 62.5°F dew point and

air temperature has 14 oz. of water

  • So when windows do feature 1/16 in. of

condensation …

  • Condensation results from a sequence …

Moisture Source Moisture Diffusion Persistent Conditions

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Modeling Micr Modeling Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

Model/study assumptions:

  • No previous microbial growth
  • Limited environmental variables
  • Scenario and variability limitations
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Modeling Micr Modeling Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

Despite these limitations ...

  • 70% RH = Summer season
  • 85% RH = Within a week

For condensation, benefit can come from understanding the fungal genus Cladosporium

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Modeling Micr Modeling Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

Cladosporium

  • 0.80  Aw  0.90
  • Frequents areas of condensation

– Goldstein 2011 – Internal case study review

  • 20 samples surfaced, present in 18
  • Aspergillus second most frequent, present in 3
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Modeling Micr Modeling Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

Cladosporium

  • Clinical detection:

– 7 day average – 14 day maximum

  • Growth identified on wetted building

materials on day 14

  • Growth diameters:

– 0.008 to 48 mm in 14 days – 32 to 64 mm in one month

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Relating the microbial studies to residential condensation

  • A failure must occur
  • Latent time period
  • Microbial studies are often ideal or worst-

case scenarios

  • Therefore, the mold growth timelines are
  • ften extended

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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Cladosporium growth arising from condensation development on interior building surfaces requires a two-week minimum duration of elevated moisture

  • exposure. This duration includes the

time required for moisture accumulation and mold growth.

Condensa Condensation tion and and Micr Microbial

  • bial Gr

Growth wth

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6.

  • 6. Limita

Limitations tions and and Futur Future W e Wor

  • rk
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Limita Limitations tions and and Futur Future W e Wor

  • rk

Limitations

  • Hot and humid U.S. climate
  • Residential activity and occupancy
  • Cooled and dehumidified by an air-

conditioning system

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Limita Limitations tions and and Futur Future W e Wor

  • rk

Future Work

  • Experimentally verified condensation

references

  • Hygrothermal analysis

– Building components – Transient behavior

  • Encourage Standard and Guideline

adherence

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7. 7. Conc Conclusions lusions

  • Conclusions can be listed here.
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Conc Conclusions lusions

  • Mold can be costly
  • Buildings are dynamic
  • Sequence of events
  • Cladosporium
  • Two-week duration
  • Hot and humid U.S. climate
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Bibliog Bibliography phy

  • ASHRAE. 2013 Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2013.
  • ASHRAE. 2015 ASHRAE Handbook: HVAC Applications. Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2015.
  • ASHRAE. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human
  • Occupancy. Standard, Atlanta: ASHRAE, 2013.
  • Bensch, K., U. Braun, J. Z. Groenewald, and P. W. Crous. The genus Cladosporium.

doi:10.3114/sim0003, Utrecht: www.studiesinmycology.org, 2012.

  • Building Technologies Program. Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile:

Building Science-Based Climate Maps. U.S. Department of Energy, 2013.

  • Callister, Jr., W. D. Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 7th Edition. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

  • Cooper, S. C. The Truth About Mold. Chicago: Dearborn Real Estate Education, 2004.
  • EPA. A brief guide to mold, moisture, and your home. Guide, Washington, DC: U.S>

Environmental Protection Agency, 2010.

  • Flannigan, B., R. Samson, and J. Miller. Microorganisms in Home and Indoor Work
  • Environments. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.
  • Florida Building Commission. 2004 Florida Building Code, Building. Illinois: International

Code Council, Inc., 2004.

  • Georgia-Pacific Gypsum LLC. 2014. ToughRock. Material Specifications, Atlanta: Georgia-

Pacific Gypsum LLC.

  • Goldstein, W. E. Sick Building Syndrome and Related Illness: Prevention and Remediation
  • f Mold Contamination. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2011.
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Bibliog Bibliography phy

  • Harriman, L. G., and J. W. Lstiburek. The ASHRAE Guide for Buildings in Hot and Humid

Climates, 2nd Edition. Atlanta: American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 2009.

  • IICRC. IICRC S520 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Mold Remediation, 2nd
  • Edition. Standard and Reference Guide, Vancouver: Institute of Inspection, Cleaning, and

Restoration Certification (IICRC), 2008.

  • Incropera, F. P., D. P. Dewitt, T. L. Bergman, and A. S. Lavine. Introduction to Heat Transfer,

5th Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

  • Moon, R., M. Bass, and C. Yang. "Fungal Growth Sequence on Gypsum Board Wall

Assemblies." IN Indoor Air Quality Association Conference Proceedings. Tampa: HSA Scientists & Engineers, 2012.

  • Moran, M. J., and H. N. Shapiro. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th
  • Edition. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.
  • Morris, A. J., T. C. Byrne, J. F. Madden, and L. B. Reller. "Duration of Incubation of Fungal

Cultures." Journal of Clinical Microbiology (Journal of Clinical Microbiology), 1996: p. 1583- 1585.

  • Petty, S. E. Forensic Engineering: Damage Assessments for Residential and Commercial
  • Structures. Hoboken: CRC Press, 2013.
  • Salisbury, J. K. Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, Power Volume 12th Edition. New

York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950.

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Bibliog Bibliography phy

  • Senn, M. A. Commercial Real Estate Transactions Handbook, 4th Edition. New York:

Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2014.

  • Shu, J. "Laminar Film Condensation Heat Transfer on a Vertical, Non-Isothermal, Semi-

Infinite Plate." Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 2012: 1711-1721.

  • Spicer, C. "Handling Building Contamination Claims: Beware of the pitfalls of mold testing."

Claims Management, 2013: October.

  • Trechsel, H. A. Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in Building Envelopes. West

Conshohocken: American Society for Testing and Materials, 2001.

  • United States Environmental Protection Agency. Mold Testing or Sampling. October 23,
  • 2013. http://www2.epa.gov/mold/mold-testing-or-sampling (accessed November 6, 2015).
  • Vereecken, E., and S. Roels. "Review of mould prediction models and their influence on

mould risk evaluation." Building and Environment, 2012: 296-310.e referencing any publications, list them here

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Ques Questions? tions?

Name name@emailaddress.com

Instruction – this slide cannot have logo or images. Only what is shown

Thank hank you!

  • u! 
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Addendum (Created by Christopher Martinez on 1/27/2016) – This “image citation slide” was not included in the original presentation delivered at the January 25, 2016 IAQA Conference in Orlando Image citation:

Slide 4: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/FEMA_-_44263_-_Mold_Remediation_Awareness.jpg http://employmentlawottawa.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/82fd77ca-5eba-43a7-874f-53730fe4facb.jpg http://hikingartist.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/4-money-fight.jpg Slide 5: Building Technologies Program. 2013. Building America Top Innovations Hall of Fame Profile: Building Science-Based Climate Maps. U.S. Department of Energy. Slide 6: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/BuildingSite.jpg Slide 10:http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3367/4609211551_91e0c05201_z.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_URcAKDWDKrc/TKsYuFxxGMI/AAAAAAAAETg/n-e13H2VNeE/s1600/puffer+jacket.jpg Slide 11:https://room34psglossary.wikispaces.com/C Slide 12:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Condensation_on_water_bottle.jpg Slide 13:http://i.stack.imgur.com/MZNcs.jpg Slide 14:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/LG_refrigerator_interior.jpg Slide 15:http://procesosbio.wikispaces.com/file/view/carta.jpg/289563525/carta.jpg Slide 16:http://jcruz661.wikispaces.com/file/view/Condensation%202.jpg/430786944/719x473/Condensation%202.jpg Slide 17:http://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.Md6fe8e51118470505ebbeaf3d3a6e271H0&pid=15.1 http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/kitzmann_step/Image4.gif Slide 20:https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/9/16210287_5dc1a0fd87_z.jpg?zz=1 Slide 21:https://yy2.staticflickr.com/7035/6572965025_20d464f955_z.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Haneda_Airport_Terminal1_MarketPlace.jpg Slide 22:http://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.M9f13e652ee0f522e7d5f3a6fbc399f2eH0&pid=15.1 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/GF1997firebeforeafter.jpg/215px-GF1997firebeforeafter.jpg Slide 25:https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-ewMrenGzd1o/VgHjsIy2-VI/AAAAAAAAokc/2-vzsHYuFZ0/s800-Ic42/2009424251_6_FS.png Slide 26:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Construction_of_the_InterContinental_Hotel_San_Francisco_2007-01-28.jpg Slide 36:http://www.deniseroadwatch.com/TrafficLight3YELLOW.gif Slide 39:http://www.investitwisely.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/CollegeGraduation.jpg Slide 44:http://theanimalkingdom.wikispaces.com/file/view/dialeggggg.jpg/215944050/dialeggggg.jpg