WWW.DADSS.ORG Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) A Cooperative Research Effort Between Industry and Government The Center for Transportation Studies Minneapolis, MN February 15, 2011 Susan Ferguson, Ph.D. ACTS
WWW.DADSS.ORG Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) The Automotive Coalition for Traffic Safety and NHTSA entered ! ! into a cooperative agreement in February 2008 to “explore the feasibility, the potential benefits of, and the public policy challenges associated with a more widespread use of unobtrusive technology to prevent drunk driving” Goal is to develop non-invasive, seamless technologies to measure ! ! driver BAC and reduce the incidence of drunk driving Systems need to measure alcohol accurately, precisely, reliably, ! ! and in a very short time so the sober driver is not inconvenienced Five-year program to develop and test prototypes that may be ! ! considered for vehicle integration thereafter Devices intended to prevent alcohol impaired drivers (BAC " 0.08) ! ! from driving their vehicles 2
WWW.DADSS.ORG Participating Manufacturers 3
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS Blue Ribbon Panel (BRP) Appointed by ACTS, work in an advisory capacity. ! ! Experts from various disciplines: ! ! § ! Research scientists § ! Auto manufacturers § ! MADD § ! Alcohol toxicology § ! IIHS § ! Impairment § ! NHTSA § ! Ignition interlocks § ! Foreign governments § ! Human factors Working groups to assist in: ! ! § ! Performance Specifications § ! Public Policy § ! Program Management Plan § ! Public Acceptance 4
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS Program Process 2008 2009 2010 2013 Phase II Subsystem Q3 Development Q2 Phase I Assess Prototype Implement DADSS Current State Subsystem(s) in Vehicle Development of Technology Interior Mockup Develop DADSS Patents and Subsystem Literature Review Perform Interior Prototype(s) Mockup Testing Human Interior Subjects Mockup Performance Perform Tests Phase I Phase II Tests Specifications Technology Funding Funding Verification Develop DADSS Research Vehicle Request for Perform Information Prototype(s) Lab Testing Perform DADSS Research Vehicle Testing Request for Human Bench Proposals Human Subjects Tests Vehicle Subjects Tests Tests Tests 5
WWW.DADSS.ORG Program Timeline RFI Evaluation CRA RFI Task 3 and on-site Signed Responses Report visits 2008 – H1 2008 – H2 RFI PMP PS Draft7 RFP Released Approved Released Released Offerors Task 4 Phase I Presentations Report Awards 2009 – H1 2009 – H2 RFP RFP SCD PS Draft8 Responses Evaluation Development Released 6
WWW.DADSS.ORG Program Timeline Phase I Human Breath Subjects Test Phase II SCD Protocol RFP 2010– H1 2010 – H2 Research Prototypes Phase I Vehicle Evaluation Touch Integration SCD Requirements 7
WWW.DADSS.ORG Alcohol Absorption and Elimination Breath Alcohol Stomach Concentration Lungs Intestines Portal Vein Hepatic Artery Heart Liver Arterial Blood Inferior Vena Cava Arterial Venous Blood BAC Venous BAC Capillary Urine Alcohol Waste Bed Concentration Tissue Alcohol Concentration Transdermal Alcohol Sweat/Vapor Tissue and Organs Concentration 8
WWW.DADSS.ORG Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety OVERVIEW OF PHASE I TECHNOLOGIES BEING FUNDED FOR DEVELOPMENT 9
WWW.DADSS.ORG Breath-Based Prototypes Alcohol (ethanol) and carbon ! ! dioxide in exhaled driver’s breath measured by infrared spectroscopy sensors § ! Unobtrusive “sniffer” to detect alcohol in the vehicle § ! Carbon dioxide detection allows measurement of breath dilution Schematic of possible vehicle application § ! Multiple sensors in-vehicle (steering wheel, A-Pillar, etc..) ACS/Daylight Solutions Prototype Autoliv Prototype 10
WWW.DADSS.ORG Autoliv In-Vehicle Sensing In-vehicle expired breath aerodynamics studied to ! ! estimate alcohol levels at various positions with ventilation on and off 11
WWW.DADSS.ORG Autoliv In-Vehicle Sensing In-Vehicle Signal Pattern <5 sec after door closure for sensors on steering wheel Door closing 12
WWW.DADSS.ORG Alcohol Countermeasure Systems (ACS) MEMS-based prototype ACS prototype uses Infrared detection ! ! methodology § ! Daylight Solution’s External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser (ECqcL™) § ! Scans a broad range of wavelengths • ! Ability to capture entire ethanol spectrum • ! Allows detection of other potential interfering substances 13
WWW.DADSS.ORG ACS Development Status Ethanol Methanol Measurement Conditions 100 sweeps 10 sec. acquisition time Isopropyl Alcohol Acetone 14
WWW.DADSS.ORG Touch-Based Prototype Tissue Spectrometry Touch-based system ! ! Uses Near Infrared to ! ! identify alcohol concentration in the dermis Extensive human subjects ! ! testing TruTouch Prototype Schematic of possible vehicle application
WWW.DADSS.ORG Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1 LABORATORY 16
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS BSL-1 Laboratory All DADSS prototype testing, including human subject studies, will ! ! be performed at the BSL-1 Laboratory at QinetiQ North America The laboratory provides ! ! § ! Controlled environmental test conditions § ! Commercial and custom test instrumentation § ! Controlled storage § ! Data acquisition systems § ! Multiple work stations for materials preparation Human subject testing performed with experts from the McLean ! ! Hospital, Harvard Medical School 17
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS BSL-1 Laboratory 18
WWW.DADSS.ORG Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety STANDARD CALIBRATION DEVICES 19
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS Phase I Requirements Phase I POP Prototypes will be evaluated against the following ! ! performance specifications: § ! Measure from 0.01% to 0.12% BAC § ! Measurement time = 325 milliseconds § ! Accuracy and Precision High accuracy but • ! 0.07%-0.09% BAC ! ±0.0003% BAC low precision • ! Requires Standard Calibration Devices (SCD) – ! Breath-based systems – ! Tissue-based systems High precision but low accuracy DADSS Performance Specifications DRAFT07 available at: http://dev.dadss.org/performance-specification/download 20
WWW.DADSS.ORG Standard Calibration Devices (SCD) Objective Assess the accuracy and precision of the Phase I prototypes ! ! Approach Provide sample sources of “breath” or “tissue” SCD to sensor ! ! Challenge Develop process to assure the SCD performance ! ! § ! Delivers targeted samples to POP sensor § ! Has to exceed accuracy and precision requirements 21
WWW.DADSS.ORG Wet Gas Breath Simulator ! ! Models human breath volume and pressure profile by using a pressurized vessel with humidified gases § ! 5 Liters of EtOH/CO 2 /N 2 /O 2 in 1.5 seconds ! ! Adjustable level of humidity (80-100% RH) ! ! Adjustable EtOH concentration (gas blender) ! ! Process heated to prevent condensation ! ! Ethanol introduced post humidification ! ! Potential for high accuracy and precision 22
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS Program Review POP PROTOTYPES BENCH TESTS EVALUATION 23
WWW.DADSS.ORG Bench Test Evaluations ! ! Bench Test Objectives § ! Independent evaluations of PoP Prototypes § ! Measurement of system performance based upon • ! Time to present ethanol reading • ! Accuracy (standard error or SE) • ! Precision (standard deviation or SD) § ! Bench Test Protocols developed for • ! Breath-based • ! Tissue-based 24
WWW.DADSS.ORG Touch-based Bench Test Results ! ! At a BAC of 0.08% the prototype was able to exceed the DADSS accuracy (SE) requirements (0.0003%) at sampling periods of 60 and 30 seconds (0.0001%) ! ! At shorter sampling times the prototype was somewhat higher than the specifications (15 sec – 0.0005%; 5 sec – 0.0013%) ! ! Precision estimates (SD) fell short of the DADSS specifications at all sampling periods ! ! This represents significant progress compared with specifications for existing evidential breath-test devices
WWW.DADSS.ORG TruTouch Bench Test 0.080 % BAC Results Evidential SE = ! 0.0050 % BAC ! Evidential SD = ! 0.0042 % BAC ! 26
WWW.DADSS.ORG Direct Delivery Dry Gas Results ! ! At 0.02, 0.08, and 0.12% BAC, the accuracy (SE) results were close to or below the DADSS specifications (0.0003%) § ! 0.02% BAC - 0.0002% § ! 0.08% BAC - 0.0004% § ! 0.12% BAC- 0.0000% ! ! Precision (SD) results exceeded the specifications, but were still lower (better) than evidential standards
WWW.DADSS.ORG Autoliv Direct Dry Gas Bench Test Results Evidential SE = ! 0.0050 % BAC ! Evidential SD = ! 0.0042 % BAC ! 28
WWW.DADSS.ORG DADSS Program Review HUMAN SUBJECT TESTS 29
WWW.DADSS.ORG Human Subjects Tests Subjects dosed to reach a BAC of 0.12 ! ! Test procedures ! ! § ! Blood is drawn at a rate of 1 ml/min through catheter § ! Samples taken every 2.5 minutes § ! Every 5 minutes subject provides: evidential breath sample, short puff of breath into DADSS breath-based system, and presses finger on touch pad of touch-based system 30
WWW.DADSS.ORG Test 5 31
WWW.DADSS.ORG Test 11 – Subject 10 32
WWW.DADSS.ORG Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE AND POLICY ISSUES 33
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