Dr Peter Matanle 2 Growth and Shrinkage in East Asia 5 Many - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Population Decline and Climate Change in the 21st Century

Achieving a Depopulation Dividend in the Asia-Pacific Region

Senior Lecturer and Director of Research and Innovation School of East Asian Studies, University of Sheffield, UK

Dr Peter Matanle

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Growth and Shrinkage in East Asia

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Many assume that depopulation will deliver some easy environmental gains.

Many assume that depopulation will deliver some easy environmental gains. It’s a seductive logic. But is it true?

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100+ Females Males 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100+ Females Males 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100+ Females Males

Ageing in Japan: 1955, 1985, and 2013

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29.8 28.4 25.1 27.5 22.5 18.6 16.5 13.2 11.1 9.8 8.2 50.2 60.5 72.1 78.8 85.9 86.2 81.3 73.6 67.4 57.3 49.3 4.2 5.4 7.4 10.6 14.9 22.0 29.4 35.9 36.7 38.5 37.6

84.2 95.1

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

A Century of Growth and Shrinkage in Japan

Actual and Projected Population, 1950-2050

0-14 15-64 65+ Total Population Projected Population

Millions

After the Demographic Dividend in East Asia

Child and Old-Age Dependency Ratios

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Growth Stagnation Consolidation Shrinkage

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Growth Stagnation Consolidation Shrinkage

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Tokyo Metropolis - Massive-scale urbanization

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Tokyo Metropolis - Super-high density living

Tokyo Metropolis - High-rise multi-use urban functions

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Tokyo Metropolis - Sophisticated high-cost infrastructure

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Rural Japan - Abandoned homes

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Rural Japan - Abandoned farmland

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Rural Japan - Disused and decaying infrastructure

Rural Japan - Collapsed industries

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Rural Japan - Ghost towns

What is the ‘Depopulation Dividend’?

Any benefits for socially and environmentally sustainable living that can be gained from depopulation.

• Depopulation must occur in peace time,
• and via non-coercive means.

For example: Reductions in energy, water, food, and resource consumption. Biodiversity and ecosystem benefits. Land management and living space. Social benefits - gender equality and ethnic diversity, crime. International order.

90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Growing Prefectures Total Energy Consumption Growing Prefectures Total Carbon Output Shrinking Prefectures Total Energy Consumption Shrinking Prefectures Total Carbon Output GDP Growth Data sources: Enecho, 2015; World Bank, 2015.

Index of Growing and Shrinking Prefectures' Total Energy Consumption and Carbon Output, and GDP Growth: Japan, 1990-2012.

• 0.4
• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

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• 20

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Population (Millions) Energy Consumption (Million Gigajoules)

Energy Consumption Population

Change in Total Energy Consumption (left hand scale) and Population (right hand scale) by Prefecture in Japan, 1990-2012.

Data source: Enecho, 2015.

• 0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4

• 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Carbon Output (Million cT)

Carbon Output Population

Change in Total Carbon Output from Energy Consumption (left hand scale) and Population (right hand scale) by Prefecture in Japan, 1990-2012.

Population (Millions) Data source: Enecho, 2015.

Energy consumption went down in 2 of Japan’s 25 shrinking prefectures in 1990-2012 …

Energy consumption went down in 2 of Japan’s 25 shrinking prefectures in 1990-2012 … and in 5 of Japan’s 22 growing prefectures in 1990-2012.

Meaning and Implications

Meaning

• Resource consumption, carbon output and biodiversity gains from population decline

may be harder to achieve than we expect. Implications

• Requirements for considerable research into the environmental consequences of

depopulation.

• Requirements for internationally coordinated structural intervention by government.

Just as Japan led Asia’s development in the 20th century, so in the 21st Japan can once more lead Asia in achieving environmental gains from depopulation.

Recent publications

Matanle, P. (2013) Post-disaster recovery in ageing and declining communities: the Great East Japan disaster of 11 March 2011, Geography, 98 (2): 68-76. Matanle, P. (2011) The Great East Japan Earthquake, Tsunami and Nuclear Meltdown: Towards the (Re)Construction of a Safe, Sustainable, and Compassionate Society in Japan’s Shrinking Regions, Local Environment, 16 (9): 823-847 Matanle, P., Rausch, A., with the Shrinking Regions Research Group (2011) Japan’s Shrinking Regions in the 21st Century: Contemporary Responses to Depopulation and Socioeconomic Decline, Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. Matanle, P. and Sato, Y. (2010) Coming to a City Near You! Learning to Live ‘Beyond Growth’ in Japan’s Shrinking Regions, Social Science Japan Journal, 13 (2): 187-210.

• Dr. Peter Matanle

University of Sheffield p.matanle@sheffield.ac.uk Website - www.peter-matanle.net More publications at: https://sheffield.academia.edu/PeterMatanle

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0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80 1.90 2.00 2.10 2.20 2.30 2.40 2.50

• 3
• 2
• 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Total Fertility and Net Reproduction Rates Natural Population change (Per hundred thousand persons) Year Natural Population Change (0/00) Total Fertility Rate Net Reproduction Rate

Is immigration a solution?

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• 1,875,000

1,875,000 3,750,000 5,625,000 7,500,000

• 612,500
• 306,250

306,250 612,500 918,750 Number of People eNumber of People

Population Change in Japan

Net Migration (Japanese) Net Migration (Non-Japanese) Net Migration (All) Natural Population Change Total Population Change

Is immigration a solution?

Is immigration a solution?

• 2. The numbers required would be impossible to accept.

(d) Scenario III

• Medium variant projection of UN 1998 Revision
• Population maintained at 2005/10 level of 127.5 million.
• Need 17 million net immigrants to 2050 (381,000 annually).
• 2050 = 22.5 million immigrants and descendants.
• 17.7% of total population.

(e) Scenario IV

• Maintain working-age population constant at 87.2 million (1995).
• Need 33.5 million immigrants from 1995 through to 2050 (609,000

annually).

• Total population 150.7 million by 2050.
• Immigrants and their descendants 46 million (30% of total population in

2050).

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Is immigration a solution?

1. Japan is historically shy of contact with outsiders. 2. The numbers required would probably be politically impossible. 3. Or achieve; because China also will be shrinking soon. 4. Migrants may not settle in the regions which need them most. 5. Too many Japanese are leaving. Immigration is unlikely to provide anything other than a soft landing.

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