Dr. Kit Chunyu Wu Ting-Wei Tiffany Translation for Dissemination - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• Dr. Kit Chunyu

Wu Ting-Wei Tiffany

• Translation for
• Dissemination
• Assimilation
• Information exchange
• Information access
• Increasing need and use of machine aids for cost-effective translation

• In the foreseeable future, it is hard for MT to fully replace human translators
• How can machines support human translators?
• Human-assisted machine translation (HAMT)
• Computer-aided translation (CAT)
• Editors + additional (computerized) aids:
• Bilingual dictionary
• Spell checker, grammar checker
• Monolingual concordancer
• Terminology/ memory database
• Web search

• Wide application of CAT tools in industry
• Acknowledged benefits to current business

environment

• Still having call for better user experience

• Why study translation process?
• Improvement of translation education
• Improvement of user experience translation technology

• Efforts have been dedicated to reformulate the translation process

Eg.

• “Micro-cycle” by Jakobsen (2011)
• “Monitor model” by Tirkkonen-Condit (2005)

Comprehension Locate position in TT Type and monitor translation Locate the current chunk in ST and reread

• What subtasks can be identified throughout the translation process?
• What is the general distribution of cognitive efforts observed by eye movements

during translation process?

• How are cognitive efforts distributed among subtasks in translation? Are there any

identifiable eye movement patterns within or across each domain/ subtask?

• To what extent will the text complexity affect different measures of eye movements

during translation process?

• Is translation conducted in a sequential fashion as suggested by Gile (2011) or
• verlapping process can be identified (Hvelplund, 2011)?

• Eyelink 1000 head-mounted tracker
• Primitive editor + offline dictionary

Source Text Target Text Dictionary

• Task:
• 1 warmup task + 2 experimental texts of varied complexity
• Text 1 > Text 2 (according to the text complexity indicators by Jensen (2011))
• All texts has <110 words
• Scope of participant:
• Translation major students with completion of >1 year of studies
• Chinese as the native language

• Two ways of categorizing subtasks
• Predefined interest areas
• Eye-tracking data + typing events

Fixation falls in Typing event Subtask Type ST ✗ ST comprehension ST ✓ Parallel attention (PA) TT ✗ or ✓ TT production Dictionary ✗ or ✓ Dictionary lookup

• Overall distribution of cognitive effort
• Dwell time
• Cognitive workload of different subtasks
• Fixation duration
• Pupil size
• Working style
• Cross interest area saccades
• Shift probabilities between interest areas
• Reading patterns of dictionary

817.34 674.52 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 800.00 900.00 Text 1 Text 2

Mean total dwell time by Text Type (sec) Figure 6 Mean total dwell time by Text Type (seconds).

Mean dwell time by Text Type in different AOIs (seconds).

338 379 94 227 361 82 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ST TT Dictionary

Mean dwell time by AOIs (sec)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean dwell time by Text Type in different subtasks (seconds).

298 379 94 34 195 362 82 26 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ST TT Dictionary PA

Mean dwell time by Subtask Type (sec)

Text 1 Text 2

Percentage distributions of dwell time by Text Type in different AOIs.

0.4138 0.4631 0.1153 0.3362 0.5354 0.1210 0.0000 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 ST TT Dictionary

Mean dwell time by AOIs (percentage)

Text 1 Text 2 0.3646 0.4635 0.1152 0.0419 0.2888 0.5361 0.1210 0.0390 0.0000 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 ST TT Dictionary PA

Mean dwell time by Subtask Type (percentage)

Text 1 Text 2

Percentage distributions of dwell time by Text Type in different subtasks.

Mean fixation durations by Text Type in different AOIs (seconds).

234 275 243 228 273 248 200 220 240 260 280 ST TT Dictionary

Mean fixation durations (ms)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean fixation durations by Text Type in different subtasks (seconds).

230 275 243 278 224 273 248 264 200 220 240 260 280 ST TT Dictionary PA

Mean fixation durations (ms)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean pupil size by Text Type in different AOIs (arbitrary units).

1591 1615 1518 1488 1503 1389 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 ST TT Dictionary

Mean pupil size (arbitrary units)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean pupil size by Text Type in different AOIs (arbitrary units).

1601 1615 1518 1501 1487 1503 1389 1497 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 ST TT Dictionary PA

Mean pupil size (arbitrary units)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean fixation durations by Text Type in different subtasks (seconds).

230 275 243 278 224 273 248 264 200 220 240 260 280 ST TT Dictionary PA

Mean fixation durations (ms)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean pupil size by Text Type in different AOIs (arbitrary units).

1601 1615 1518 1501 1487 1503 1389 1497 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 ST TT Dictionary PA

Mean pupil size (arbitrary units)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean durations of fixations in dictionary area with/ without key events being detected (seconds).

234 329 237 340 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Dictionary without key events Dictionary with key events

Mean fixation durations (ms)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean pupil size in dictionary area with/ without key events being detected (arbitrary units).

1529 1395 1404 1339 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Text 1 Text 2

Mean pupil size (arbitrary units)

Dictionary without key events Dictionary with key events

Cross AOIs saccades ST-TT ST-Dict TT-Dict Total Text Type Text 1 Count 1210 158 232 1600 Percentage 75.6% 9.9% 14.5% 100.0% Text 2 Count 1044 170 218 1432 Percentage 72.9% 11.9% 15.2% 100.0% Total Count 2254 328 450 3032 Percentage 74.3% 10.8% 14.8% 100.0%

• Assuming different reading patterns

can be identified due to distinctive needs for the subtask

• Calculating duration of fixations after

cross-interest-area saccades

• No significance founded
• Limitations
• “Micro-cycle” of translation by Jakobsen
• No small-scale text analysis conducted in

this project

240 252 251 261 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 ST-Dictionary TT=Dictionary

Mean fixation durations (ms)

Text 1 Text 2

Mean duration of fixations in dictionary area after ST-Dictionary and TT-Dictionary saccades (ms).

• To investigate and map out a generalized pattern of translation process, and

propose possible avenues for future researches

• Mainly three aspects of translation process (general distribution of cognitive

attentions, cognitive workload of various subtasks and working style of translators) were investigated

• Overall distribution (dwell time)
• TT > ST > Dictionary
• No main effect from text complexity
• Cognitive workload (fixation duration; pupil size)
• TT production, ST comprehension ?> Dictionary, PA
• Pupil size has positive relationship with text complexity in ST, TT, Dict
• More discreet identification of subtasks required
• Working style
• Shift frequency: ST-TT > ST/TT-Dictionary
• Dictionary reading pattern: no significance