Dr. Dr. Sudip Dr. Dr. Sudip Sudip Chaudhuri Sudip Chaudhuri - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Computer Assisted Instruction: Computer Assisted Instruction:

Applications in Science Education Applications in Science Education

Dr.

• Dr. Sudip

Sudip Chaudhuri Chaudhuri

Lehman - Purdue University

Dr.

• Dr. Sudip

Sudip Chaudhuri Chaudhuri

• M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.)
• M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP / Cal

(SINP / Cal), M. Ed. ), M. Ed.

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor,-Stage Stage-3 / Reader 3 / Reader

Gandhi Gandhi Centenary B.T. College, Centenary B.T. College, Habra Habra chaudhurisudip@yahoo.co.in chaudhurisudip@yahoo.co.in

What is CAI ? What is CAI ?

 A self

self-learning learning technique, technique, usually usually offline/online,

• ffline/online, involving

involving interaction interaction

• f
• f the

the student student with with programmed programmed instructional instructional materials materials. .

 Computer

Computer-assisted assisted instruction instruction (CAI) (CAI) is is an an interactive interactive instructional instructional technique technique whereby whereby a computer computer is is used used to to present present the the instructional instructional material material and and monitor monitor the the learning learning that that takes takes place place. .

Lehman - Purdue University

 CAI

CAI uses uses a combination combination of

• f text,

text, graphics, graphics, sound sound and and video video in in enhancing enhancing the the learning learning process process. .

 CAI

CAI refers refers to to the the use use of

• f the

the computer computer as as a tool tool to to facilitate facilitate and and improve improve instruction

• instruction. CAI

CAI programs programs use use tutorials, tutorials, drill drill and and practice, practice, simulation, simulation, and and problem problem solving solving approaches approaches to to present present topics topics and and they they test test the the student's student's understanding understanding. .

School districts are turning to advances in School districts are turning to advances in computers to… computers to…

– – Reduce administrative Reduce administrative burden; burden; – – Compensate for poor Compensate for poor teacher content knowledge teacher content knowledge (especially in districts that (especially in districts that

Lehman - Purdue University

(especially in districts that (especially in districts that report difficulty recruiting report difficulty recruiting and retaining teachers, and retaining teachers, particularly in math and particularly in math and science); science); – Allow more individualized Allow more individualized student attention; students student attention; students can progress at own pace. can progress at own pace.

Computer Based Instruction Computer Based Instruction

 What is it?

What is it?

 Forms of computer

Forms of computer assisted instruction assisted instruction

CBI

Lehman - Purdue University

 Advantages and

Advantages and limitations limitations

 Research

Research

 Integration

Integration

 Evaluation

Evaluation

Computer Based Instruction Computer Based Instruction

Lehman - Purdue University

Computer Based Instruction Computer Based Instruction

 Computer based instruction (CBI) is

Computer based instruction (CBI) is defined as the use of the computer in defined as the use of the computer in the delivery of instruction. the delivery of instruction.

Lehman - Purdue University

the delivery of instruction. the delivery of instruction.

 Other similar terms include:

Other similar terms include: computer based training (CBT), computer based training (CBT), computer assisted instruction (CAI), and computer assisted instruction (CAI), and computer assisted learning (CAL). computer assisted learning (CAL).

Computer Based Instruction Computer Based Instruction

 CBI is the oldest

CBI is the oldest form of computer form of computer use in education; use in education;

2 +2 Lehman - Purdue University

when most people when most people think of computer think of computer applications in applications in education, they think education, they think

• f CBI first.
• f CBI first.

 Innovative methods

Innovative methods – – (situational) (situational)

–Quick learning Quick learning

Lehman - Purdue University

–More learning More learning –Longer retention Longer retention

CAI programmes CAI programmes

» » Drill and Practice Drill and Practice » » Simulation Simulation » » Instructional game Instructional game

Lehman - Purdue University

» Tutorial Tutorial » Discovery Discovery » Problem solving Problem solving

Common Categories of CBI Common Categories of CBI

 Drill and Practice

Drill and Practice

 Tutorial

Tutorial

 Simulation

Simulation

Lehman - Purdue University

 Simulation

Simulation

 Instructional Game

Instructional Game

 Problem

Problem-Solving Solving

 Other

Other

Drill and Practice Drill and Practice

 Exercises designed to increase fluency

Exercises designed to increase fluency in a new skill or body of knowledge or to in a new skill or body of knowledge or to refresh an existing skill or body of refresh an existing skill or body of

Lehman - Purdue University

refresh an existing skill or body of refresh an existing skill or body of knowledge. knowledge.

 This approach assumes that the

This approach assumes that the learners have previously been learners have previously been introduced to the content. introduced to the content.

Drill and Practice Drill and Practice

 Traditionally associated with basic skills

Traditionally associated with basic skills in topics such as: in topics such as:

– Science Science

Lehman - Purdue University

– Science Science – Mathematics Mathematics

 Good programs provide user control,

Good programs provide user control, give feedback and reinforcement, and give feedback and reinforcement, and help learners master skills. help learners master skills.

Drill and Practice Drill and Practice

 Good for basic skills/knowledge where

Good for basic skills/knowledge where rapid student response is desired. rapid student response is desired.

 Usually best to use in a series of brief

Usually best to use in a series of brief

Lehman - Purdue University

 Usually best to use in a series of brief

Usually best to use in a series of brief sessions. sessions.

 Mainly intended for use by individuals.

Mainly intended for use by individuals.

 Should be geared to a level appropriate

Should be geared to a level appropriate for the students. for the students.

Tutorial Tutorial

 A form of CBI in which the computer

A form of CBI in which the computer assumes the role of a tutor assumes the role of a tutor --

• introducing content, providing practice,

introducing content, providing practice,

Lehman - Purdue University

introducing content, providing practice, introducing content, providing practice, and assessing learning. and assessing learning.

 Tutorials are used to introduce new

Tutorials are used to introduce new content to learners in much the same content to learners in much the same manner that a human teacher might. manner that a human teacher might.

Tutorial Tutorial

 Because tutorials present content to

Because tutorials present content to students, they can be used in any area students, they can be used in any area

• f the curriculum for:
• f the curriculum for:

Lehman - Purdue University

– remediation when learners lack necessary remediation when learners lack necessary background knowledge. background knowledge. – enrichment when learners wish to go enrichment when learners wish to go beyond the basics. beyond the basics. – introduction of content to all learners introduction of content to all learners (freeing the instructor to do other things). (freeing the instructor to do other things).

Tutorial Tutorial

 Good for verbal and conceptual

Good for verbal and conceptual learning. learning.

 May require significant investment of

May require significant investment of

Lehman - Purdue University

 May require significant investment of

May require significant investment of students’ time. students’ time.

 Can be effectively used by individuals or

Can be effectively used by individuals or groups of 2 groups of 2-3 students. 3 students.

 Should be followed by opportunities for

Should be followed by opportunities for student application of knowledge. student application of knowledge.

Simulation Simulation

 A form of CBI that provides a simplified

A form of CBI that provides a simplified representation of a real situation, representation of a real situation, phenomenon, or process. phenomenon, or process.

Lehman - Purdue University

phenomenon, or process. phenomenon, or process.

 Provides the opportunity for students to

Provides the opportunity for students to apply knowledge in a realistic format but apply knowledge in a realistic format but without the time, expense, or risk without the time, expense, or risk associated with the real thing. associated with the real thing.

Simulation Simulation

 One of the best ways to use CBI in the

One of the best ways to use CBI in the sciences and other subject areas; sciences and other subject areas; simulation makes good use of what the simulation makes good use of what the

Lehman - Purdue University

simulation makes good use of what the simulation makes good use of what the computer does well. computer does well.

 Simulations can mimic physical objects

Simulations can mimic physical objects

• r phenomena, processes, procedures,
• r phenomena, processes, procedures,

and situations. and situations.

Simulation Simulation

 Best used for application of knowledge,

Best used for application of knowledge, problem solving, and thinking skills. problem solving, and thinking skills.

 Time involvement may be brief or

Time involvement may be brief or

Lehman - Purdue University

extended depending on the simulation. extended depending on the simulation.

 Good for small groups of students,

Good for small groups of students, although can be used by individuals. although can be used by individuals.

 Often requires guidance and follow

Often requires guidance and follow-up up for effective use. for effective use.

Instructional Game Instructional Game

 Usually another type of CBI (e.g., drill

Usually another type of CBI (e.g., drill and practice or simulation) modified to and practice or simulation) modified to include gaming elements. include gaming elements.

Lehman - Purdue University

include gaming elements. include gaming elements.

 Generally features

Generally features

– an end goal and rules of play. an end goal and rules of play. – sensory appeal. sensory appeal. – motivational elements (e.g., competition, motivational elements (e.g., competition, cooperation, challenge, fantasy). cooperation, challenge, fantasy).

Instructional Game Instructional Game

 Examples of this type of CBI are found

Examples of this type of CBI are found throughout education. Usually, they are throughout education. Usually, they are aimed at younger learners such as aimed at younger learners such as

Lehman - Purdue University

aimed at younger learners such as aimed at younger learners such as those in the elementary grades. those in the elementary grades.

 Games can substitute for worksheets

Games can substitute for worksheets and exercises, as a reward, or, in some and exercises, as a reward, or, in some cases, to foster cooperation. cases, to foster cooperation.

Problem Solving Problem Solving

 CBI program that is designed to foster

CBI program that is designed to foster thinking or problem solving skills, but thinking or problem solving skills, but does not fit into one of the other does not fit into one of the other

Lehman - Purdue University

does not fit into one of the other does not fit into one of the other categories. categories.

 Usually focuses on a specific type of

Usually focuses on a specific type of problem solving and provides practice problem solving and provides practice

• n a number or variety of problems.
• n a number or variety of problems.

Problem Solving Problem Solving

 Problem solving applications sometimes

Problem solving applications sometimes focus on specific topics areas (e.g., focus on specific topics areas (e.g., mathematics, science) and sometimes mathematics, science) and sometimes

Lehman - Purdue University

mathematics, science) and sometimes mathematics, science) and sometimes they are designed to promote general they are designed to promote general problem problem-solving abilities (e.g., pattern solving abilities (e.g., pattern recognition, prediction). recognition, prediction).

Other Other

 Many applications, particularly those

Many applications, particularly those that have been developed in recent that have been developed in recent

Lehman - Purdue University

that have been developed in recent that have been developed in recent years, are not easily classified into one years, are not easily classified into one

• f the preceding categories.
• f the preceding categories.

Advantages and Limitations Advantages and Limitations

• f CBI
• f CBI

Lehman - Purdue University

Advantages of CAI Advantages of CAI

» »

• ne
• ne-to

to-one

• ne interaction

interaction » » great great motivator motivator » » freedom freedom to to experiment experiment with with different different options

• ptions

» instantaneous instantaneous response/immediate response/immediate feedback feedback to to the the answers answers elicited elicited » » Self Self pacing pacing - allow allow students students to to proceed proceed at at their their

Lehman - Purdue University

» » Self Self pacing pacing - allow allow students students to to proceed proceed at at their their

• wn
• wn pace

pace » Privacy Privacy helps helps the the shy shy and and slow slow learner learner to to learn learn » multimedia multimedia helps helps to to understand understand difficult difficult concepts concepts through through multi multi sensory sensory approach approach » self self directed directed learning learning – students students can can decide decide when, when, where, where, and and what what to to learn learn

Advantages of CBI Advantages of CBI

 Interactive.

Interactive.

 Provides immediate feedback.

Provides immediate feedback.

 Infinitely patient.

Infinitely patient.

Lehman - Purdue University

 Infinitely patient.

Infinitely patient.

 Motivates learners.

Motivates learners.

 Provides consistency in presentation.

Provides consistency in presentation.

 Can adjust difficulty to level of learner.

Can adjust difficulty to level of learner.

Advantages of CBI Advantages of CBI

 Able to branch to provide appropriate

Able to branch to provide appropriate content presentation to the learner. content presentation to the learner.

 Can present concepts or processes

Can present concepts or processes

Lehman - Purdue University

dynamically and using multiple forms of dynamically and using multiple forms of representation. representation.

 Can maintain records of student

Can maintain records of student performance. performance.

 Frees the instructor to do other things.

Frees the instructor to do other things.

Limitations of CAI Limitations of CAI

» » A poor substitute for actual experience A poor substitute for actual experience » » Software limitations Software limitations » » Restricted Text displays Restricted Text displays

Lehman - Purdue University

» Learning becomes too mechanical Learning becomes too mechanical » Hardware limitations Hardware limitations

Limitations of CBI Limitations of CBI

 Equipment and software can be costly.

Equipment and software can be costly.

 Development takes time and money.

Development takes time and money.

 Not all learning outcomes are well

Not all learning outcomes are well addressed by CBI. addressed by CBI.

Lehman - Purdue University

addressed by CBI. addressed by CBI.

 Unsophisticated applications may not

Unsophisticated applications may not make good use of the computer. make good use of the computer.

 Simple CBI has limited modalities (but

Simple CBI has limited modalities (but multimedia is changing that). multimedia is changing that).

The End The End

Lehman - Purdue University