Psychological Test Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Psychological Test Dr. Sudip Chaudhuri M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP, Cal), M. Ed. M. Sc., M. Tech., Ph.D. (Sc.) (SINP, Cal), M. Ed. CSIR-UGC NET, WBCSC SLET, I.I.T. GATE Assistant Professor-Stage-3 / Reader Gandhi Centenary B.T.
CSIR-UGC NET, WBCSC SLET, I.I.T. GATE
Assistant Professor-Stage-3 / Reader
Gandhi Centenary B.T. College, Habra, India,
Honorary Researcher, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata
chaudhurisudip@yahoo.co.in
Rating scales record judgment or opinions
Excellent Very good Good Average Below average Poor Very poor
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Attitude scale is essential as it attempts to
It provides for quantitative measure on a
unidimensional scale of continuum.
It uses statements from the extreme positive to
extreme negative position.
It generally uses a five point scale as we have
discussed in rating scale.
It could be standardised and norms are worked out. It disguises the attitude object rather than directly It disguises the attitude object rather than directly
asking about the attitude on the subject.
Examples of Some Attitude Scale : Two popular
and useful methods of measuring attitudes indirectly, commonly used for research purposes are:
Likert‘s method of summated ratings. Thurstone Techniques of scaled values.
The Likert scale assigns a scale value to each of the five
to minimum i. e. from a score of 5 to a score of one or 5 for strongly agree and so on 1 for strongly disagree.
The negative statement or statement apposing the proposition
would be scored in the opposite order . e. from a score of 1 to a score of 5 or 1 for strongly agree and so on 5 for strongly
respondent‘s favourableness towards the subject in question. It a respondent‘s favourableness towards the subject in question. It a scale consists of 30 items, Say, the following score values will be
30x5=150 Most favourable response possible 30x3= 90 A neutral attitude 30x1= 30 Most unfavourable attitude
It is thus known as a method of summated ratings. The summed
up score of any individual would fall between 30 and 150. Scores above 50 will indicate a favourable and scores below go an unfavourable attitude.
Thurstone Technique is used when attitude is
accepted as a uni-dimensional linear continuum
The technique is also known as the technique equal
appearing intervals
Tabulations are made which indicate the number of
judges who placed each item in each category
The next step consists of calculating cumulated The next step consists of calculating cumulated
proportions for each item and ogives are constructed
Scale values of each item are read from the ogives,
the values of each item being that point along the baseline in terms of scale value units above and below which 50% of the judges placed the item. It we‘ll be the median of the frequency distribution in which the score ranges from 0 to 11.
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is the most
In a 1971 survey of test usage, it was used in
91% of 251 clinical settings survey 91% of 251 clinical settings survey
It is one of the most widely used tests that exists It is widely cited in research
The stimuli were generated by dropping ink onto a card
and folding it
They are not, however, random: the ten cards in the
current test were hand-selected out of thousands that Rorschach generated
Ten blots – 5 black/white, 2 red/gray (II & III) and 3 color
(VIII – X)
Thought to tap into the deep layers of personality and
bring out what is not conscious to the test taker
The following are the inkblots
The test is usually administered with as little instruction
and information as possible
The tester asks 'What might this be? and gives no clues or
restrictions on what is expected as a response
Anxious subjects often do ask questions, and vague answers Anxious subjects often do ask questions, and vague answers
are offered
Some advocate sitting beside the subject to avoid giving
clues by facial expression
If only one response is given, some hint to find more may be
The cards are shown twice: The first time responses are obtained - free
The second time they are elaborated – inquiry
belongs)
criterion validity
The Rorschach is a popular test, however, it has been
plagued by low reliability and validity.
Obviously, it is difficult to measure any of the usual
psychometric properties in the usual way
Validity and reliability are usually low because of the
by the lack of universally-accepted standardized instructions, administration protocol, and scoring procedure
Reliability studies that have been done find r-
Construct a story about what you see on the following picture Describe:
feel
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): 30 grayscale
pictures + one blank for elicitation of stories – each contain a dramatic event or critical situation
Most subjects see 10-12 cards, over two sessions Based on Murray's (1938) theory of 28 social needs
(sex, affiliation, dominance, achievement, attitudes etc.)
People would project into their story their needs Attention is paid to the protagonist in each story and
his/her environmental stressors
Many variations on this 'story-telling' test exist
Administration: not standardized
Congruence with picture stimuli Conformity with directions Conflict
Psychometric properties: Psychometric properties:
internal consistency is low; high reliability but diminishes with time, 2 months, r = .80;
10 months r = .50;
Inter-rater reliability vary with studies: range .3 to .9