Development (IC-DSD) February 28-29, 2020, Agadir (Morocco) - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1st International Congress on Drying and Sustainable Development (IC-DSD)

February 28-29, 2020, Agadir (Morocco)

Innovation in Drying Technologies - Current Status and Future Needs

• Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar

McGill University, Montreal, Canada Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China www.arunmujumdar.com

• Dr. Shivanand S. Shirkole

National Institute of Technology Rourkela, India

 Introductory remarks on innovation  Conventional vs. innovative drying technologies  Selected recently developed technologies  Why innovative ideas are slow to be adopted  Closing remarks “Innovation is seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.”

Outline

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

• Over 10,000 materials are dried at different scales to diverse

specifications starting from liquid, suspension, sludge, particulate to large discrete sheets to continuous sheets hence the need for 100 dryer types.

• Operating ranges- supercritical to sub-zero temperature/pressure.
• Mechanism of heat input include conduction, convection, and

radiation, continuous, hybrid, simultaneous or sequential.

• Continuous or batch modes of operation.

From above it is easy to see why a wide assortment of diverse dryers are needed.

Some Interesting Stats/Facts About Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selection of right dryer/drying system is the most baffling problem in industry

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Note: Novel dryers are not necessarily better. New ideas need to be tested and validated. LCA is recommended when choosing a new dryer.

Drying Conferences

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Boston Montreal (3) Birmingham Noordwijkerhout Versailles Prague Krakow Lyon Beijing Kyoto Gifu Gold coast Xiamen Hyderabad Thessaloniki Budapest Magdeburg Sao Paulo

IDS ADC

Wuxi Tianjin Kolkata Hong Kong Bangkok (2) Penang Bali KL Vadodara

NDC

Iceland Trondheim Karlstad Copenhagen

IADC

Montreal Veracruz Sao Paolo

IWSID/ WFCFD

Mumbai (11)

IC-DSD

Morocco

Watercolors by Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar…

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

• Albert Einstein

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovation

“Innovation is the ability to see change as an opportunity-not a threat”

• Low cost of implementation
• Less risk
• More likely to be adopted

Examples:

• Superheated steam dryer
• Modified fluidized/spouted

beds

• Hybrid dryers
• Adsorption dryer for grains

(particulate drying)

• High R&D cost
• Risky although RoI for

successful technologies is high Examples:

• Pulse combustion dryers
• Flame dryers
• Impingement jet superheated

steam dryer for tissue /newsprint

• Microwave + Ultrasonic dryers
• Swell Drying-DIC

Types of Innovation

Incremental Evolutionary Radial Revolutionary

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Why innovative dryers involves higher risk?

 Lack of reliable knowledge of mechanism of heat/mass transfer in

drying - no universal model for drying or dryers  High development costs - nonlinearity of scale up of heat/mass transfer and quality attributes is going from lab to pilot to full scale.  Dryer design and operating conditions after performance - which also depends on material properties  Overall, drying is an extremely complex operation which so far has defined a universal solution.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Why adoption rates are low from published works to industry?

 Over 500 dryer types are reported in literature: most are lab reports  Pilot scale up is essential  Research paper do not provide enough information to allow scale up by potential users. Often quality attributes cannot be scaled up resulting in expensive trials.  Lack of reliable scale-up and criteria or math model for most dryers also adds uncertainty.  Finally, techno economics of the novel dryer concepts is largely unknown. Results: close interaction between academia and industry is a pre- requisite for introduction of innovations.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Motivating Factors for Innovation

 New product or process  Higher capacities than current technology permits  Better quality than currently feasible  Reduced overall cost  Reduced environmental impact, sustainable  Safer operation; more flexibility  Better efficiency

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

On Innovation in Drying Tech- Why Slow?

• 1. Most innovative ideas in public domain come from academia; techno economic

analysis conspicuous by absence

• 2. Collaboration between academia, user and vendor necessary for technology

transfer.

• 3. Half-life /operating life of most dryer systems are long, discouraging need for

replacement with better/innovative dryers.

• 4. Developing economies are more likely to leapfrog to new Technology then

established ones e g vacuum steam drying of timber.

• 5. Buzz word research areas tend to attract major fraction of funding available;

much less available for R&D in drying. Industrial funding has not taken up the slack for various reasons. Solution: Make R&D cost-effective by sharing knowledge, ideas, resources globally and enhance industry-academia interaction.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Time to Commercialization

 From proof -of -concept to commercialization is a long tortuous nonlinear route  Often it takes one to several decades; many never see successful technology transfer  Superheated steam drying idea was first published in 1898 - still not common technology despite numerous advantages  Pulse combustion drying concept has been around for over 6 decades but still not mainstream  Impinging stream dryers also have not succeeded in commercialization

• A. - Fluidized bed dryers – 30+ variants
• Heat pump assisted dryers – 20+ variants
• MW/RF dryers – 20+ variants
• Spouted bed dryers – 20+ variants etc.
• B. - Very few “disruptive” technologies

e.g. Vacuum superheated steam drying kiln for wood-replacing hot air kilns

• C. - Potential for superheated steam dryers is high but still under utilized
• D. - New drying technologies needed for nanoparticles, nanogels etc.
• E. - Use of AI not yet materialized.

Comparison of Conventional Vs Innovative Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovative Drying Concepts: Enhancement of Drying Rates

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Vibration (e.g. Vibrated bed dryers) Pulsation (e.g. Impinging streams) Sonic or ultrasonic fields (e.g. pulse combustion dryers) Dielectric fields {MW, RF} (e.g. MW-assisted steam drying) Superheated steam drying (future tech.)

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovative Drying Concepts: Combination of Optimal Dryers in Stages

• Spray + Fluid bed (Spray Fluidizer)
• Filter mat (Spray + Conveyor)
• Flash + Fluid Bed

Innovative Drying Concepts: Combined Modes of Heat Pump

• Convection + Conduction
• Convection + Radiation (Concurrent or Sequential)
• Convection + (MW / RF)

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovative Drying Concepts: Combined Unit Operation

• Filter - Dryer
• Dryer - Cooler - Agglomerator etc.

Innovative Drying Concepts: Novel Gas / Particle Contacts

• Spout - fluidized / Rotating spouted bed
• Pulsed Fluid Bed
• Mechanical screw conveyor spouted bed
• Mechanically fluidized bed

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovative Drying Concepts: Miscellaneous

• Spray dryer - “engineered” powders
• Ohkawara Kakohiki spray bag dryer
• Condebelt dryer for thick paper grades
• Remaflam (for textiles)
• Supercritical CO2 extraction (aerogels)
• Spray-freeze drying
• Carver - Greenfield process

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Intermittent Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Intermittent Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Expansion Auto- vaporization

DIC

Instant Cooling

Swell-Drying Solvent Extraction Cracking/depolymerizat ion of cellulose: 3rd generation bioethanol DDS Direct Drying Essential oil Extraction (volatile molecules) Stop thermal degradation 3-stage spray- drying In-Situ TransEsterification (Biodiesel) De- allergenicity Decontamination

Variable Pressure Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Variable Pressure Drying

Swell-Drying Standard Drying

Structure and Microstructure

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Hybrid Dryers

MW Freeze drying

• Microwave can heat the material

volumetrically; thus, greatly improving freeze drying rate is possible

• Most promising techniques to

accelerate drying and to enhance

• verall quality
• Examples – Cabbage, marine

products, banana chips, potato, skim milk

T

Cold trap Vacuum Pump

MW freeze drying chamber

MW source

freeze drying chamber

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

CO2 Drying

 Use of pressurized CO2 to remove water from food materials  Low temperature drying in absence of oxygen, hence, very good

product quality

 Lower investment cost  Reduced energy consumption  short contact time  No excessive shrinkage  Environmentally friendly operation

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Foam Mat Drying

 Foam-mat drying: drying liquid - solid foods by being mixed with stabilising agent and or foaming agent to produce stable foam, which undergoes air drying temperatures ranging from 50-80°C.  Used to dry juice, milk, fruits, beverages, jams; foam dried product is then further ground to produce a powdered product.  Less expensive, less complicated and is less time consuming (Foam formation is very crucial)

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations Steps:

• Preparation of fruit pulp
• Pasteurization / cooling
• Adding foaming agent/whipping
• Drying (either hot air, freeze, spray drying)
• Mild grinding/packaging

Foam Mat Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Smart Dryers

• Drying is highly energy intensive hence it adversely effects environment,

plus good quality is needs to be maintained for foods - need for smart/intelligent dryers

• Use mathematical models, advanced sensors and automatic control

strategies to design smart dryer

• A smart dryer:
• Provides actionable information regarding the performance of the drying system
• Proactively monitors and detects errors or deficiencies in dryer operation
• Incorporates the tools, technologies, resources and practices to contribute to

energy conservation and environmental sustainability.

• Designed to sense local drying conditions/product properties and adjust

them in order to get specified quality at optimized energy consumption.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Smart Dryers

Schematic of smart drying technology Scheme of the drying tunnel with NIR

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Selected Innovations

Smart Dryers

Schematic diagram of experimental set-up for the control system

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Future R&D Needs

1. Applied vs Basic (fundamental, non targeted)

• Only 5 per cent of all. Engineering Research in 15 European countries is

labelled Applied in a recent study. This is also true of IDS, LDT

• However some Science oriented journals to look at some basic issues in

Drying but at microscale. Difficult to use for design/optimization etc

• Major problems : Drying materials are too complex; parameters are

dynamic and hard to measure accurately, computationally very challenging etc

• Funding for blue sky Research - like drying materials is shrinking

everywhere !

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

• 2. Need to study microstructure and relate it through multi-scale

modelling to drying kinetics, quality parameters etc. Need to study microstructure and relate it through multi-scale modelling to drying kinetics, quality parameters etc.

• 3. Innovative dryers - miniaturized, smart , optimized with low carbon

footprint etc. Expensive computationally and experimentally. Needs advanced instrumentation like NMR, AFM, SCM, TEM, XRD, X-ray tomography, etc etc. Even such measurements do not often suffice to provide validation of models.

Future R&D Needs

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

 Basic research including multiscale modeling, molecular dynamic simulation along with advanced CFD modelling and computation of stress/strain development in drying solids.  Innovative dryers that are significantly smaller with low physical and carbon footprint capable of coupling renewable energy with fossil fuels as needed.  Use AI to design smart dryers for high quality products. Are these needed?  Re-evaluate current drying technologies in paper, wood, ceramics industries which have not shown trend to innovate in recent decades.

Future R&D Needs

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

 Currently most drying research is multi and interdisciplinary between applied sciences engineering. New paradigm requires cooperation with pure sciences (chemistry, biochemistry, physics and mathematics).  Publish in applied and pure science journals - already happening in limited areas such as colloids/suspensions/nanotechnology areas. Drying problems need to be made known to Science communities.  Large industrial communities can offer grants to study science of drying to pursue so-called Blue Sky Research. Long term research is currently missing.  Lack of truly novel ideas will hamper future innovation.

How to Enhance Basic Research in Drying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Role of Industry-Academia Collaboration

• 1. Tangible support and collaboration by industry- users of dryers and

vendors- is key to innovative drying technology in practice.

• 2. Both incremental and radical innovations that disrupt current practice

are possible only through such collaboration.

• 3. Minimization of R&D costs requires sharing human and capital

resources via institutional cooperation and international networking.

• 4. Design innovation via reliable math modeling is cost-effective but

much research is needed to improve design and scale up of new dryers.

• 5. Reduction of carbon footprint while enhancing dried product quality

is the goal of innovation.

Watercolors by Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar…

Creativity is a type of process where the teacher and pupil are located in the same individual.

• Arthur Koestler

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Synergism of Ultrasound and Microwave in Vacuum Frying

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Summary…

• The result of this experiment recommended that use of ultrasound

with microwave heating have positive influence on the frying properties and have good consumer acceptability.

• The sonicated sample shows more expanded and littler distorted

microstructure that accelerates the frying rate.

• The frying oil quality degradation was also found to be slowed down

by this synergism effect.

• This also reduces the nutritional loss.

This research work has been carried out at Jiangnan University, China

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Finish Drying and Microbial inactivation by Combined Microwave-Infrared Radiation

Irrigation

Material handling Practices Market Facility Sun Drying Harvesting Insecticide Application

Agricultural Practices and Source of Microbial Contamination

Research Need

Alternative Method For Microbial Inactivation Affordable technology

Less Quality Degradation

Rapid Destruction of microorganisms

Minimum Energy Consumption Low Cost of Equipment

Easy Handling

Operator and environmental Safety

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

• The temperature of product (T) greater than its corresponding glass

transition temperature (Tg) accelerates the moisture diffusion and color degradation during the heating process.

• The quality of product can be preserved by maintaining the

molecular mobility (T < Tg) during the heating process.

• The combined MW-IR assisted heating was found to be effective to

inactivate Salmonella Typhimurium and Aspergillus flavus with superior quality of product due to ideal heating effects.

• The higher log reductions in microbial count can be achieved.

Summary..

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

This research work has been carried out at NIT, Rourkela, India

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Batch Fluidized Bed Dryer Model For Pharmaceutical Particles

Pilot scale batch fluidized bed dryer

• Model is calibrated with a grey-box

identification algorithm and validated on a pilot scale process

• Results showed that the simulations can

reproduce the pilot data, but the heat loss representation would require to be upgraded for additional accuracy

• The low computational cost of the solving

strategy could be exploited for real-time applications

Francis Gagnon, Jocelyn Bouchard, André Desbiens & Éric Poulin (2020) Development and validation of a batch fluidized bed dryer model for pharmaceutical particles, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1701005

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Fluidized Bed and Microwave-Assisted Fluidized Bed Drying

Ayushi Anand, Yvan Gareipy & Vijaya Raghavan (2020) Fluidized bed and microwave-assisted fluidized bed drying of seed grade soybean, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1709495

Experimental setup for FBD and MFBD. Reprinted from Hu et al.with permission from Taylor and Francis.

• FBD was able to reduce drying time in

comparison to the fixed bed position and hence can be used to reduce heterogeneity in the bed during drying.

• MFBD was able to reduce drying time

significantly.

• For the acceptance of technology in the

seed industries, study focusing on longevity and crop yield is required for further scale-up.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Instant Controlled Pressure Drop (DIC) Coupled To Intermittent Microwave/Airflow Drying

Sabah Mounir, Ezzeddine Amami, Tamara Allaf, Arun Mujumdar & Karim Allaf (2019) Instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) coupled to intermittent microwave/airflow drying to produce shrimp snacks: Process performance and quality attributes, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1694537

Protocol of different drying processes of shrimp; intermittent microwave airflow dried shrimps (IMAD) and DIC-textured (DIC-IMAD) shrimp snacks.

• Direct application of DIC texturing

without a preliminary drying stage was needed for manufacturing shrimp snacks by the swell-drying process.

• DIC-IMAD (Intermittent microwave-

airflow drying of DIC shrimps) allowed these snacks to achieve much higher quality attributes than IMAD shrimp in term of textural properties.

• DIC-IMAD shrimp snacks can be

used in the preparation of ready-to-eat meals

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

New Perspectives on Capturing Particle Agglomerates in CFD Modeling of Spray Dryers

Hasan Jubaer, Rui Dai, Erwin Ruslim, Shahnaz Mansouri, Zhihua Shan & Meng Wai Woo (2019) New perspectives on capturing particle agglomerates in CFD modeling of spray dryers, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1691585

Visualization of the collision of two particles

• A numerical scheme was proposed in

this work to illustrate how this new approach can be implemented in the Lagrangian–Eulerian simulation of a spray dryer in the CFD framework.

• Along this line, it will be of interest to

assess how the new agglomerate area based parameter introduced in this work can be utilized to predict the bulk density

• f

spray-dried particulate samples.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Pulsed Vacuum Pickling (PVP) of Garlic Cloves

Yang Zhang, Magdalena Zielinska, Gao-Fei Li, Li-Zhen Deng, Bao-Hu Sun, Zhi-An Zheng, Zhen-Jiang Gao & Hong-Wei Xiao (2019) Pulsed vacuum pickling (PVP) of garlic cloves: Mass transfer kinetics and quality attributes, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1700380

Experimental procedure of pickling garlic cloves under PVOD conditions

• The study explored the feasibility of

using pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration (PVOD) instead of osmotic dehydration under atmospheric pressure (OD) to enhance the efficiency of garlic cloves pickling.

• Compared to OD under atmospheric

pressure, PVOD was found to be an effective pickling method used to significantly shorten pickling time and

• btain high-quality sweat-sour garlic

cloves.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Low Temperature Vacuum Frying of Edamame Assisted by Ultrasound and Microwave

Mojaharul Islam, Min Zhang & Arun S. Mujumdar (2019) Low temperature vacuum frying of edamame assisted by ultrasound and microwave: Effects on the kinetics of oil and product storage properties, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1700272

Schematic diagram of the ultrasound and microwave- assisted vacuum frying equipment

• The

USMVF significantly increased the moisture loss and decreased the time of frying compared to MVF and VF.

• The kinetics of oil content of

fried edamame was significantly reduced using USMVF compared to MVF and VF.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Cold Plasma Pretreatment

Mohammad Rezaul Islam Shishir, Naymul Karim, Tao Bao, Vemana Gowd, Tian Ding, Chongde Sun & Wei Chen (2019) Cold plasma pretreatment – A novel approach to improve the hot air drying characteristics, kinetic parameters, and nutritional attributes of shiitake mushroom, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1683860

Generation of cold plasma-activated water (CPAW) using cold plasma (CP) flume for 10 minutes (A); Direct CP pretreatment on mushroom surface (each side 30 s) (B).

• The application of CP technique

employed in this study is a novel and promising pretreatment for the drying of fruits and vegetables.

• CP pretreatment notably altered

the cellular structure of shiitake surface and allowed to shrinkage the cellular structures and generate more intracellular spaces and larger cavities.

• It is an effective strategy for drying of shiitake mushroom, can be applicable for
• ther agro-products in terms of improving the drying parameters, energy

management, and reducing the nutritional loss

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Supercritical CO2 for The Drying and Microbial Inactivation of Apple’s Slices

Alessandro Zambon, Siméon Bourdoux, Maria F. Pantano, Nicola Maria Pugno, Francesca Boldrin, Gerard Hofland, Andreja Rajkovic, Frank Devlieghere & Sara Spilimbergo (2019) Supercritical CO2 for the drying and microbial inactivation of apple’s slices, Drying Technology, DOI: 10.1080/07373937.2019.1676774

• This work explored and confirmed the feasibility of Sc-CO2 process to dry

and pasteurize food products in one step.

• A complete inactivation up to 5 log CFU/g was achieved within a lab scale

semi-continuous reactor for E.coli O157:H7 and Salmonella, while 7 log CFU/g for L. monocytogenes.

• The results achieved in the present work are very promising for the scale up of

the innovative process at industrial level.

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Why innovative ideas are slow to be adopted

 Generally key incremental/ evolutionary ideas are adopted more readily-less risk but small advantage.  Radical/revolutionary ideas are risky, need scale up and pilot testing which are expensive steps.  Gestation time from first report to adoption can take 20-50 years.  Small companies can not afford R&D needed.  Users have no appetite for risk despite potential big benefits.  Drying is highly nonlinear process so scale up is difficult, risky and expensive

Watercolors by Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar…

Creativity is thinking up new things. Innovation is doing new things.

• Steve Jobs

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Closing Remarks

• Much has been achieved directly and indirectly on a global scale in 4

decades - inter and multidisciplinary theme of Drying Science and Technology has advanced significantly despite major barriers.

• A key accomplishment has been to bring awareness of the importance of

the subject to industry and academia in most sectors.

• International networking and active collaboration has resulted in a high

degree of innovation and generation of new ideas.

• Future R&D should be driven by basic sciences working with applied

sciences and engineering with proactive industry participation

Innovation Commercial Vs. Innovative Tech. Recently Developed Tech. Closing Remarks Introduction

Closing Remarks

• Advances in analytical, visualization and computational tools should

be applied to advance basic knowledge of drying. This can also lead to cost effective innovation.

• Design and scale-up of drying systems should increasingly be based
• n basic knowledge and less on knowhow.
• Competing of research funds and human talent to this field will

remain a challenge requiring multiple innovative solutions which may vary with country.

• Industry participation is essential to effective technology transfer

leading to more efficient and cost effective industrial drying systems.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to my mentors, family members, colleagues, graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, collaborators from 20+ countries, industry colleagues and publishers who have contributed a great deal to all my activities over last five decades February, 2020

Watercolors by Prof. Arun S. Mujumdar…

Knowledge is like entropy; it keeps increasing. It is a pity the same cannot be said about wisdom.

• Prof. Arun Mujumdar

Name Card of Professor Arun Mujumdar

It's fine to celebrate success but it is more important to heed the lessons of failure.

• Bill Gates

Name Card of Professor Arun Mujumdar

Insanity: doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.

• Albert Einstein

Books Edited By Prof. Arun S Mujumdar

and colleagues (1978 - 2020)

Books Edited By Prof. Arun S Mujumdar

and colleagues (1978 - 2020)

Books Edited By Prof. Arun S Mujumdar

and colleagues (1978 - 2020)

Free eBooks:

Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits: Volume I : https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Drying%20of%20Foods%20 Vegetables%20and%20Fruits%20Volume%201.pdf Volume II: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Drying%20of%20FVF_Volu me%202.pdf Volume III: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Drying%20of%20FVF_Volu me3.pdf Spray Drying Technology: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Spray%20Drying%20Technol

• gy.pdf

R&D Needs, Challenges and Opportunities for Innovation in Drying Technologies: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/e- book%20on%20R&D%20opportunities%20in%20drying.pdf Coal Dehydration - A Compilation of Relevant Publications and Technical Reports: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/E- book%20on%20coal%20dehydration.pdf

Free eBooks:

Industrial Drying, Principles and Practice - Lecture notes: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Industrial%20drying%20- %20Principle%20and%20Practice%20.pdf Solar Drying: Fundamentals, Applications and Innovations: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Solar%20Drying_Fundam entals_Applications_and_Innovations.pdf Processing and Drying of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Processing%20and%20Dry ing%20of%20FVF.pdf Processing of Foods, Vegetables and Fruits: Recent Advances: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Processing%20of%20foods%20vegetables%20 and%20fruits%20-%20Recent%20advances.pdf Processing and Drying of Tropical Fruits: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Processing%20and%20Drying%20of%20Tropic al%20Fruits.pdf Food Security: Impact of Climate Change and Technology: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Food%20Security- Impact%20of%20Climate%20Change%20and%20Technology.pdf

Free eBooks:

Selected Topics in Heat and Mass Transfer - A Compilation of Selected Presentations: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Selected%20topics%20i n%20heat%20and%20mass%20transfer.pdf ME5202 - Industrial Transfer Processes - Course notes: https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/ME5202_2011_Mujumd ar.pdf Fluidization Engineering Practice (Second Expanded Edition): https://www.arunmujumdar.com/file/Publications/books/Fluidization%20Enginee ring%20-%20Practice%20(Second%20Expanded%20Edition).pdf

Thi his s Is Is No Not t The e EN END