in Service in Service of Humanity of Humanity James L Barnard, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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in Service in Service of Humanity of Humanity James L Barnard, - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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DSD DSD Inte Interna rnation tional Con al Confere ferenc nce e 20 2014 14 Sustainable Stormwater and Wastewater Management The The Activated Activated Sludge ludge Process rocess in Service in Service of Humanity of Humanity

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DSD DSD Inte Interna rnation tional Con al Confere ferenc nce e 20 2014 14 Sustainable Stormwater and Wastewater Management

The The Activated Activated Sludge ludge Process rocess in Service in Service of Humanity

  • f Humanity

James L Barnard, Ph.D., D.Ing. h.c. BCEE, WEF Fellow

November 12-13, 2014

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Contents

What is sustainability The development of activated sludge Eutrophication and indirect recycling Energy self-sufficiency Phosphorus recovery Conclusions

November 12-13, 2014

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Population Structures by Age and Sex, 2005

Millions 300 100 100 300 300 200 100 100 200 300

Less Developed Regions More Developed Regions

Male Female Male Female 80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

Age

Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.

Age Distribution of the World’s Population 7.2 Billion Population

November 12-13, 2014

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What is Sustainability?

November 12-13, 2014

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“We do not INHERIT the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.”

  • David Brower

INHERIT the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children.”

  • David Brower

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated sludge plant as a sustainable process

 Developed in 1914 by Arden and Lockett  Has served us for a century to produce effluent fit for re-use  Used a batch reactor and

  • bserved nitrification some

denitrification and removal of some phosphorus  They formed a granular sludge  The process keeps evolving to make it more versatile more adaptable while lowering energy and cost

November 12-13, 2014

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A Process of Selection

The basis of the process is to change conditions and select for specific organisms. Below is a rough time-line for developing of the process

November 12-13, 2014

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Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste suchas Petro-Chemicals Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Membrane Bioreactor Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated Sludge Process and Nitrification High-Rate Activated Sludge Exploding of New Plants in USA Select for Denitrification Select for Phosphate Accumulating Organisms Adsorption of PPCP Selective Waste of Foam Formers Selective for Anammox Bacteria Selective for Granular Activated Sludge Selecting for Retaining Anammox Bacteria in Main Stream using Cyclones

1914 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014

Adapt to Treatment of Industrial Waste such as Petro-Chemicals Membrane Bioreactor

November 12-13, 2014

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Eutrophication and Water Quality for Re-use

November 12-13, 2014

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Town of Brits

Indirect Re-use. Most influent from the JHB Northern Works

November 12-13, 2014

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Google Earth

700 km Alternative supply

Namibia – Direct Water

re-use

November 12-13, 2014

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The Demise of Activated Sludge 1970?

1970 Was the activated sludge process reliable enough for nutrient removal?

November 12-13, 2014

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Replace with Tertiary High Lime and Ammonia Stripping

Lake Tahoe – Right and Pretoria Left

November 12-13, 2014

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Or Clinoptilolite Ion Exchange for Ammonia Recovery

November 12-13, 2014

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Development of BNR Changed Perceptions

 Removal of N&P without chemicals  Remove PPCP  Remove many industrial compounds  Low energy use

November 12-13, 2014

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World’s 1st Potable re-use at Windhoek Namibia

November 12-13, 2014

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NITR NITROGEN OGEN RE REMOVA MOVAL L PR PROBLEM OBLEMS S REQUIRED REQUIRED ADD ADDITION ITION OF OF AN AN AC ACTIV TIVAT ATED ED SLUDGE SLUDGE PLA PLANT NT

BNR plant Intermediate Ponds

November 12-13, 2014

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Indirect re-use

November 12-13, 2014

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Ruhr – Indirect re-use

River Ruhr receives treated wastewater from 2.1 Mio. inhabitants River Ruhr receives treated wastewater from 0.4 Mio. PE from industry River Ruhr serves as raw water source for drinking water supply for 4.6 Mio. inhabitants (plus industry)

Source: Ruhrverband, Essen

all WWTP with full nutrient removal, discussion on the elimination of micropollutants is on the way

November 12-13, 2014

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ACTIVATE ACTIVATED D SLU SLUDGE DGE FO FOR R INDIREC INDIRECT T RE RE-USE USE IN ZIMBAB IN ZIMBABWE WE

Needed even in Developing countries

November 12-13, 2014

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NITRATES NITRATES A ARE BENEFICIAL RE BENEFICIAL

Recent studies showed that nitrates discharged to lake has benefits – Cubas et al Wat Res, Feb. 2014

November 12-13, 2014

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SLIDE 34

November 12-13, 2014

Future Health Concerns – EDCs, PPCPs…….

Aka: Microconstituents or micropollutants Most likely a wastewater treatment issue Source control, product modification?

EDC PPCP COEC

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Removal of PPCPs

November 12-13, 2014

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Trends to Smaller Footprint and Energy Efficiency

Step-feed nitrification/denitrification Integrated Fix Film Activated sludge Membrane Bio-reactors Stacked SBR Granular sludge Anammox for Mainstream Cyclone selectors for improving SVI

November 12-13, 2014

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Reduced Footprint

November 12-13, 2014

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Granular Activated Sludge

November 12-13, 2014

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Gr Granular Activa anular Activated Sludge ted Sludge

Sludge is wasted from the top layer. Possible WERF project to look at other forms

  • f selection
  • LT 40% of footprint
  • LT 60% of power
  • Simple operation
  • No mixers
  • No recycle pumps

November 12-13, 2014

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Epe - Netherlands

November 12-13, 2014

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NEREDA: One -Tank Process for Biological Nutrient Removal

Total N < 5 mgN/l; total P < 0.5 mgP/l 70 % less space; 30 - 40 % lower energy; 25 % lower investment 10 plants build since 2012

  • Approx. 20

under design

November 12-13, 2014

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Energy self-sufficiency

November 12-13, 2014

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WERF WERF ENER1 ENER1C12 C12 – ENERGY ENERGY EFF EFFICI ICIENCY ENCY AND AND PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

End product is a practical tool for use to monitor and manage energy

November 12-13, 2014

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November 12-13, 2014

Comparative Energy Use

Energy used for kWh/c/a BNR Wastewater Treatment only 30 Switching one lamp to low energy fixtures 102 Pumping water from north to south of California 355 Lack of switch in my office 360 Household per person (2 persons) 14,000 Prof Helmut Kroiss – Our first obligation is to produce the quality of effluent required then look at energy cost

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Wastewater Sector Energy Recovery Estimates (from WERF ENER6C13)

  • There is more energy in wastewater than is needed for

treatment – about 5X more

  • Total primary energy potential is 851 trillion BTU/year,

80% of which is thermal energy

Chemical <1% Hydraulic Thermal 80% 20%

November 12-13, 2014

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SLIDE 46

November 12-13, 2014

WWTP GHGs In Context

Australian GHG’s in 2005 < 0.5%

Ref: Foley 2007

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1.7 gO/gN 0 gC/g N

Makes N recovery less cost effective

SIDE SIDE-STRE STREAM AM N N REMO REMOVAL AL

AN ANAMMO AMMOX X PR PROCES OCESS

Paques presentation

November 12-13, 2014

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Strass Plant Austria

  • Produces 8% more energy than it consumes
  • Effluent Ammonia varies – Design < 14 TN
  • Removed no Phosphorus
  • SVI enhanced with cyclone selectors

November 12-13, 2014

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SLIDE 49

November 12-13, 2014

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GHG increase with lower N&P

Falk 2013 WERF Project on Sustainability

November 12-13, 2014

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Nitrogen recovery

  • Only viable if less energy is used than

fixing Nitrogen from the atmosphere

  • Haber-Bosch process uses about 12

kWh/kg nitrogen fertilizer

November 12-13, 2014

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PHOSP PHOSPHO HORUS US CYCLE CYCLE

A study in Unsustainability

November 12-13, 2014

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The Eternal Phosphorus Cycle

http://www.kirksville.k12.mo.us/khs/teacher_web/alternative/ecology.html

The phosphorus cycle in terrestrial and aquatic

  • environments. Recycling
  • f phosphorus is slow

because no important form of phosphorus exists in gaseous form. Phosphorus that becomes part of the marine sediments may take millions of years to solidify into rock, uplift as mountains then erode away to become available to living things.

November 12-13, 2014

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Asimov on Chemistry About Phosphorus

“We may be able to substitute nuclear power for coal power, and plastics for wood, and yeast for meat, and friendliness for isolation, but for phosphorus there is neither substitute nor replacement.”

Isaac Asimov

November 12-13, 2014

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Historical Sources of Phosphorus Fertilizer

A brief history of phosphorus: From the philosopher’s stone to nutrient recovery and reuse K. Ashley ,D. Cordell, D.Mavinic – Chemosphere 84 (2011) 737–746

November 12-13, 2014

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Future Scenarios

Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse options D. Cordell, A. Rosemarin, J.J. Schröder , A.L. Smit - Chemosphere 84 (2011) 747–758

November 12-13, 2014

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The first step

November 12-13, 2014

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Phosphorus recovery

November 12-13, 2014

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Activated sludge process allows recovery of struvite

Struvite Mg.NH4.PO4

. 6 H2O

Also recovers up to 20%

  • f nitrogen

November 12-13, 2014

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100% Recovery of Incinerator P Noord-Brabant, Holland

November 12-13, 2014

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The Ultimate Nutrient Recycle

November 12-13, 2014

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Urine recovery

  • Urine contains 70% to 80% of

the Nitrogen and Phosphorus in domestic wastewater

  • When urine is separated and

stored ammonia is hydrolyzed and the pH goes up

  • Within a few weeks the urine is

totally free or pathogens

  • Research underway to recover

struvite

  • Excess ammonia recovered with

stripping and production of ammonia sulphate

November 12-13, 2014

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Backyard garden Kampala Uganda

November 12-13, 2014

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Do-it-yourself Fertilizer

http://www.submersibledesign.com/drinkpee/diy.html

November 12-13, 2014

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Apartments in Hong Kong

November 12-13, 2014

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By Choice or by Need

Working in the garden is also a shared experience for the family, and instills in children an understanding

  • f the natural

cycles of growth which provide lessons of lifelong value

November 12-13, 2014

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Future vegetable gardens?

November 12-13, 2014

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SLIDE 68
  • Over a century the activated sludge process has

proved to protect receiving water bodies

  • The activated sludge process keeps evolving with

more energy efficiency

  • Recovery of nitrogen needs to be cost effective
  • Phosphorus ore is in limited supply and all efforts

to recover phosphorus should be made

  • Granular activated sludge has a future in the

scheme of things

  • Energy efficiency is important but energy self-

sufficiency should not be the only goal

FINAL FINAL MESSA MESSAGES GES

November 12-13, 2014

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MOTTO OF THE DAY

What doesn´t kill you makes you stronger !!!!!!!!

November 12-13, 2014

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SLIDE 70

Do unto those downstream as you would have those upstream do unto you

The First Commandment According to Wendell Berry

November 12-13, 2014

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SLIDE 71

November 12-13, 2014