Depression and Affective Neuroscience Margaret R. Zellner, Ph.D., - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Depression and Affective Neuroscience

Margaret R. Zellner, Ph.D., L.P .

copies of presentations available at mzellner.com

mzellner@npsafoundation.org

The National Psychological Association for Psychoanalysis (NPAP) The Neuropsychoanalysis Foundation www.npsafoundation.org

depression

early life stress intrapsychic factors loss genetic vulnerability psychotherapy medication social support nutrition exercise brain stimulation SES

emotion perception action

motivation activation of emotion generation of emotion adapted from Berton and Nestler 2006 Nat Rev Neurosci

PAG

PARIETAL the body and objects in space - WHERE things are TEMPORAL recognition of objects and people

• WHO things are

FRONTAL planning

• WHAT and HOW to do

VMPFC, ANTERIOR TEMPORAL memory, emotion, reward

• meaning, or, WHY to do or


not to do

Marcel Mesulam, 2000 Principles of Behaviora and Cognitive Neurology

Guevara et al 2012, NeuroImage

van den Heuvel & Sporns 2011 J Neurosci

Kelley et al 2005

and of course it’s all connected...

Kelley et al 2005

Yeo et al 2011 J Neurophysiol

Visual Dorsal attention Default Frontoparietal Somatomotor Salience Limbic Default

Default Default Limbic S

• m

a t

• m
• t
• r

Visual Frontoparietal Salience Dorsal attention

“resting state” networks

areas presumed to be connected continuously active dynamically interactive correspond to functional studies

default mode network

mind-wandering daydreaming stimulus-independent thought simulation episodic/autobiographical memory

Buckner et al 2008

Andrews-Hanna et al 2010 J Neurophysiology

DMN correlated with spontaneous cognition

executive control/ frontoparietal network

working memory staying on task maintaining focus

attention network

switching attention

salience network

encoding “value” monitoring errors subjective experience (“aha” moments, craving, and more)

Doucet et al 2011 J Neurophysio DMN working memory (fronto- parietal and dorsal attention) salience sensory, auditory, motor visual

Uddin 2015 NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE Craig 2009 NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE

Uddin 2015 NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE Eisenberger 2012 Nat Rev Neurosci

gray matter loss across 6 diagnoses (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, addiction,

• bsessive-compulsive disorder, and anxiety) -

the dorsal anterior cingulate, right insula, left insula

Goodkind et al 2015 JAMA Psychiatry

Salience network implicated across many psychiatric disorders

Emotion, instinct, drive Attention, perception, regulation Panksepp and Solms 2012 Trends Cog Sci

Panksepp 2006 Prog Neuro-Psychopharm and Bio Psych

NAcc VTA PAG Hyp Amy BNST ACC

M L

POA D

RAGE CARE

M

C/L D

M

FEAR

M

POA/

LUST

POA

PANIC/GRIEF

L

SEEKING

â PLAY á FEAR â PLAY, LUST, SEEKING á RAGE â PLAY áâ SEEKING á FEAR (â PLAY) (á RAGE) â GRIEF

PLAY fundamentally dynamic system

Panksepp 2003

PANIC/GRIEF System

Coenen et al 2012 J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci

PANIC/GRIEF System SEEKING System

Coenen et al 2012 J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci

PANIC/GRIEF System SEEKING System

Arnsten and Rubia J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012

Affect Regulation

Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., & Phillips, M. L. (2012). Major depressive disorder: new clinical, neurobiological, and treatment perspectives. Lancet, 379(9820), 1045–1055. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60602-8

Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of

• depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 467–477.

doi:10.1038/nrn3027

Disner, S. G., Beevers, C. G., Haigh, E. A. P., & Beck, A. T. (2011). Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of

• depression. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(8), 467–477.

doi:10.1038/nrn3027

loss: separation distress euthymia depressive
 vulnerability

• r

reunion termination of separation distress: sadness decathexis depression shut down

despair

}

+

• baseline opioid and oxytocin tone (social contact, good internal objects)
• responsive DA system
• appropriate levels of other global neuromodulators (NE, ACh, 5-HT)

á HPA activation á DA release, NE, ACh â opioids á dynorphin

á opioids, oxytocin âHPA activation á DA tone â opioids, oxytocin â HPA activation â DA tone á PNS activation

• circadian disruption
• immune system - “sickness behavior”
• continued dynorphin activation?
• chronic HPA activation, leading to cognitive and immune problems,

hypersensitive amygdala, other…

• impaired infrastructure due to history
• impaired infrastructure due to genes
• depressive intrapsychic factors:

intrapsychic conflict/defenses around grieving (“the shadow of the object”/ relating to negative internal objects)

Bowlby: protest

CREB and Dynorphin in NAC in Depression:

Berton and Nestler, 2006

PANIC-shutdown model of depression

(Panksepp & Watt 2009)

Questions and discussion?

Additional slides

PBN NTS hypothalamus SC

“protoself”

Jaak Panksepp Affective Neuroscience (1998) Archeology of Mind (2012)

basic emotion systems

Antonio Damasio Self Comes to Mind (2012)

Neural interactions characteristics of brain emotional systems:

1)

Various sensory stimuli can unconditionally access emotional systems;

2)

Emotional systems generate instinctual motor outputs &

3)

Modulate sensory inputs.

4)

Emotional systems have positive feedback components which can sustain emotional arousal after precipitating events have passed.

5)

These systems can be modulated by cognitive inputs, &

6)

These systems can modify/channel cognitive activities.

Panksepp 2011 PLoS One