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CSE 440: Introduction to HCI User Interface Design, Prototyping, and Evaluation Lecture 06: James Fogarty Design of Kailey Chan Everyday Things Dhruv Jain Nigini Oliveira Tuesday / Thursday Chris Seeds 12:00 to 1:20 Jihoon Suh Project

  1. Affordances “The affordances of the environment are what it offers animals, what it provides or furnishes, for good or ill.” Gibson, ecological approach to psychology “The term ‘affordance’ refers to the perceived and actual properties of the thing, primarily those fundamental properties that determine just how the thing could possibly be used.” Norman

  2. What’s the Affordance?

  3. Affordances

  4. Affordances Technology affordances are often based in affordances from the physical world

  5. Affordances What is the affordance here? Where does it come from?

  6. Affordances What is the affordance here? Knurling Where does it come from?

  7. Sequential Affordance Acting on a perceptible affordance leads to information indicating new affordances 44

  8. Sequential Affordance Acting on a perceptible affordance leads to information indicating new affordances Now does the door push or pull? 45

  9. Nested Affordances Affordances due to spatial relationships revealing what actions can be done Proximate to, contained in, part of 46

  10. In Other Words An affordance is what a thing communicates about how it can be used, often by its appearance “In general, when the apparent affordances of an artifact matches its intended use, the artifact is easy to operate. When apparent affordances suggest different actions than those for which the object is designed, errors are common.” Gaver Challenges arise if there is a mismatch between implied use versus intended use

  11. False Affordances When there is perceptual information suggesting an implied use that does not exist OK (Just an image of a button, not one that responds)

  12. False Affordances

  13. False Affordances

  14. False Affordances

  15. False Affordances

  16. Hidden Affordances When there is no perceptual information suggesting an actual intended use

  17. Hidden Affordances

  18. Hidden Affordances Logos linking to home is a convention, but not afforded by the page

  19. Confusion of the Term “Note also that affordances are not intrinsic, but depend on the background and culture of users. Most computer-literate user will click on an icon. This is not because they go around pushing pictures in art galleries, but because they have learned that this is an affordance of such objects in a computer domain…” Dix I disagree. Icons do not afford “pushability” or “clickability” by their attributes. They do not give an indication of their intended use, except by convention.

  20. Clarification on Convention “Designers sometimes will say that when they put an icon, cursor, or other target on the screen, they have added an ‘affordance’ to the system. This is a misuse of the concept. … It is wrong to claim that the design of a graphical object on the screen ‘affords clicking.’ … Yes, the object provides a target and it helps the user know where to click and maybe even what to expect in return, but those aren’t affordances, those are conventions, and feedback, and the like. … Don’t confuse affordances with conventions.” Norman

  21. Metaphors Suggest an existing mental model “horseless carriages”, “iron horses”, “wireless” Desktop metaphor Not an attempt to simulate a real desktop Leverages knowledge of files, folders, trash Explains why some windows seem hidden

  22. Metaphors Suggest an existing mental model “horseless carriages”, “iron horses”, “wireless” Desktop metaphor Not an attempt to simulate a real desktop Leverages knowledge of files, folders, trash Explains why some windows seem hidden

  23. Mail Metaphor

  24. Calendar Metaphor

  25. Health Metaphor

  26. Shallow or Inappropriate Metaphors Informs a small range of possibilities, or none at all It is just a Magic Cap menu and a dialog box? What does the living room add? Microsoft Bob

  27. Mixed Metaphors Two or more different metaphors coexist with some supposed relation The desktop metaphor Windows into content Windows are views into Good? Bad? larger content regions Neither? Both? No desktop has windows

  28. Broken Metaphors Are not consistent, do not operate in every circumstance, or do not uphold things consistent with what the metaphor would suggest

  29. Mechanical-Age Metaphors Operate as their mechanical-age counterparts did, not taking advantage of the digital domain to escape the limitations of the original

  30. Dead Metaphors Lost the original imagery of their meaning

  31. Metaphors versus Idioms Idioms rely on shared experience or custom are learned, often early in life are supported or revealed by context become conventions do not rely on metaphors Idiomatic widgets Single click to Hyperlinks (e.g., screen splitter, select, double dragable title bar) click to open

  32. Idioms Star Trek IV: Scotty Uses a Mouse

  33. Idioms Star Trek IV: Scotty Uses a Mouse

  34. Metaphors and Affordances Affordances “jump start” a model for interaction Metaphors “jump start” a model of a system But if designed poorly, both can be damaging Lead to an incorrect model, undermine interaction Can limit designer creativity Can reduce the advantages of software Can be “cute” at the expense of functional

  35. Signifiers “There are trails. There are behaviors. We know how to behave by watching the behavior of others, or if others are not there, by the trails they have left behind.” “I call any physically perceivable cue a signifier, whether it is incidental or deliberate. A social signifier is one that is either created or interpreted by people or society, signifying social activity or appropriate social behavior.” “Social signifiers replace affordances, for they are broader and richer, allowing for accidental signifiers as well as deliberate ones, and even for items that signify by their absence, as the lack of crowds on a train platform. The perceivable part of an affordance is a signifier, and if deliberately placed by a designer, it is a social signifier.” Norman

  36. Visibility Phones How do you put somebody on hold change volume

  37. Visibility

  38. Visibility Changing Ringer Volume Press “Program” Press “6” Set Volume Low - Press “1” Medium - Press “2” High - Press “3” Press “Program”

  39. Visibility Controls available on watch with 3 buttons? Too many and they are not visible Compare to controls on simple car radio Number of controls ≈ Number of functions Controls are labeled and grouped together

  40. Knowledge in the World

  41. Constraints Prevent some actions while allowing others Prevent errors before they can happen Disruptive error messages are a last resort

  42. Constraints

  43. Constraints

  44. Constraints

  45. Constraints Baudisch et al., Snap-And-Go

  46. Constraints Traditional snap location inaccessible inaccessible Snap-And-Go snap location enlarged in motor space only Baudisch et al., Snap-And-Go

  47. Mapping Correspondence between an interface and the corresponding action in ‘the world’ Minimize cognitive steps to transform action into effect, or perception into comprehension (i.e., execution and evaluation)

  48. Very Bad Mapping

  49. Slightly Better Mapping

  50. Good Mapping

  51. Not this Stove

  52. Great Mapping

  53. Mapping

  54. Mapping

  55. Mapping

  56. Mapping

  57. Mapping

  58. Consistency Interfaces should be meaningfully consistent Ubiquitous use of same keys for cut/copy/paste Helps in developing / applying a mental model Types of consistency Internal (i.e., within itself) e.g., same terminology and layout throughout External (i.e., with other applications) e.g., common widget appearance e.g., design patterns common across applications

  59. Is Consistent Always Better? Should “new” & “delete” be in the same place?

  60. Is Consistent Always Better? Should “new” & “delete” be in the same place? New is common, delete is not

  61. Is Consistent Always Better? Original focus on consistency, later design for mobile form

  62. Is Consistency Always Better?

  63. Is Consistency Always Better?

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