Cool Season Vegetables and Strawberry Response to Phosphates - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Cool Season Vegetables and Strawberry Response to Phosphates - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Holden Research and Consulting Cool Season Vegetables and Strawberry Response to Phosphates Research and Observations over the last Ten Years David Holden Holden Research and Consulting Holden Research and Consulting Introduction My

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Holden Research and Consulting

Cool Season Vegetables and Strawberry Response to Phosphates – Research and Observations over the last Ten Years

David Holden

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Holden Research and Consulting

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Introduction

  • My Experience

– Over 700 trials in the past ten years in nutrient and pest management for fruit, nut, and vegetable production. – Over 35 trials in the past ten years with phosphate based fertilizers on vegetables, strawberries, grapes, and trees.

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Introduction

  • All phosphate trials were conducted in the

coastal counties of Monterey, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura

  • Both ortho and poly – phosphates were

involved.

  • Sometimes “organic acid” additives were

involved, along with phosphorus “protecting” products.

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University Recommendations

University of California, ANR Publication 8098, Nutrient Management In Cool Season Vegetables

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What are the Issues with Phosphorus Availability

  • pH
  • Temperature
  • Cation inhibition

– Calcium – Zinc – Etc.

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How Soil pH affects P2O5

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Cool Soils

  • Cool soils may induce phosphorus deficiency
  • With cool soils you have slower root growth and

development

  • Less opportunity for roots to come in contact with

the phosphorus they need at this time

  • Limiting phosphorus in cool seasons exacerbates

the ability for cool season vegetables to grow.

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Cation Inhibition

  • Calcium and zinc cations (and others) have

an affinity for PO4, phosphate anion.

  • They form calcium and zinc phosphate

precipitates which are now hard to resolubilize for root uptake.

  • But this also helps reduce leaching of PO4

from the soil solution.

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Plant Phosphorus Utilization

  • Forms nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
  • Used in the making of the chemical energy

molecules of ATP and ADP.

  • Through this transfer of chemical energy it

is utilized in new growth and reproduction.

  • Note that dry leaf analysis of P2O5 in young

leaves is always higher than that found in

  • lder leaves.
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Symptoms of Phosphorus Deficiency

  • Slow growth, stunted plants
  • Purplish coloration on foliage of some

plants (older leaves first)

  • Dark green coloration
  • Delayed maturity
  • Poor fruit or seed development
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Not So Obvious Symptoms of Phosphorus Deficiency

  • Poor root development
  • Reduced production

– Sizing reduction – Fruit set reduction

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Phosphate vs. Phosphite or Phosphoric Acid vs. Phosphorous Acid

  • One is the source for a fertilizer, the other is

a source for a fertilizer and a fungicide.

  • PO4 vs. PO3. PO3 will (?) oxidize eventually

to PO4

  • Know the difference. There is still quite a

bit of confusion regarding these source products

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Four Recent Trials with Phosphates in Peppers and Strawberries.

  • Phosphates generally placed in addition to

the grower’s standard practices which may include pre-plant and in-season phosphate applications.

  • All crops grown on tape, which allows for

precise in season placement of phosphate.

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Early Spring 2010 Peppers

  • Pre-Plant poly phosphate applied as band

under seedline on 4/27/10

  • Pre-Plant Phosphorus (Olsen Method) – 41

ppm

  • Treat 1 – untreated
  • Treat 2 – 100 lb/ac P2O5 as 10-34-0
  • Treat 3 – 55 lb/ac P2O5 as Proprietary
  • Treat 4 - 30 lb/ac P2O5 as Proprietary
  • Planted 5/5/10
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Lbs./Plant UTC 1.6 Reduced Propietery 2 1.6 Reduced Propietery 1 1.8 Grower Standard 2.3 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Pounds of Fruit

Chart 1: 2010 Spring - Summer Bell Pepper Phosphate Study - Camarillo, CA. - Total Yield per Plant

b a b ab

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Post Treat Soil P2O5 Levels

  • Treat 1 – 30 ppm
  • Treat 2 – 31 ppm
  • Treat 3 – 34 ppm
  • Treat 4 – 27 ppm
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Late Spring 2010 Peppers

  • Pre-Plant poly phosphate applied as band

under seedline on 6/17/10

  • Pre-Plant Phosphorus (Olsen Method) – 44

ppm

  • Treat 1 – 125 lb/ac P2O5 as 10-34-0
  • Treat 2 – 100 lb/ac P2O5 as 10-34-0
  • Planted 6/20/10
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Lbs./Plant 100 lb P2O5 2.1 125 lb P2O5 2.2 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Pounds of Fruit

Chart 2: 2010 Late Spring - Summer Bell Pepper Phosphate Study - Camarillo, CA. - Total Yield per Plant

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Post Treat Soil and Leaf P2O5 Levels

  • Treat 1 – 40 ppm
  • Treat 2 – 49 ppm
  • Leaf Treat 1 - .32%
  • Leaf Treat 2 - .35%
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2008-09 Strawberries

  • Planted 10/2/08
  • All Received Pre-Plant and in-Season

Phosphate

  • 500 lb/ac 18-8-13 slow release
  • Approximately 20 gal/ac Phosphoric acid in

season (150 lb P2O5) in tape

  • Experimental Treatment received another 80

lb/ac of P2O5 in the tape and 40 lb/ac of P2O5 foliar as Proprietary Product

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Plant Sizing at Nine Weeks after Planting

Grower Standard Additional Phosphate

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0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 3500.0 4000.0 4500.0 5000.0

12/8/08 12/11/08 12/16/08 12/20/08 12/22/08 12/24/08 12/27/08 12/30/08 1/3/09 1/7/09 1/12/09 1/16/09 1/19/09 1/21/09 1/24/09 1/28/09 2/3/09 2/6/09 2/10/09 2/16/09 2/20/09 2/24/09 2/27/09 3/2/09 3/5/09 3/9/09 3/12/09 3/16/09 3/21/09 3/25/09 3/28/09 4/1/09 4/6/09 4/10/09

Trays per Acre (10 lb. equivalent)

Pick Day

Chart 6: Proprietery 2008-09 Strawberry Nutrient Study - Camarillo,

  • CA. - Cumulative Marketable Production by Pick Day

Grower Standard Proprietery

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0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0

12/8/08 12/11/08 12/16/08 12/20/08 12/22/08 12/24/08 12/27/08 12/30/08 1/3/09 1/7/09 1/12/09 1/16/09 1/19/09 1/21/09 1/24/09 1/28/09 2/3/09 2/6/09 2/10/09 2/16/09 2/20/09 2/24/09 2/27/09

Trays per Acre (10 lb. equivalent)

Pick Day

Chart 6: Proprietery 2008-09 Strawberry Nutrient Study - Camarillo,

  • CA. - Early Cumulative Marketable Production by Pick Day

Grower Standard Proprietery

155 flats ahead

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0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 3500.0 4000.0 4500.0 5000.0

3/2/09 3/5/09 3/9/09 3/12/09 3/16/09 3/21/09 3/25/09 3/28/09 4/1/09 4/6/09 4/10/09

Trays per Acre (10 lb. equivalent)

Pick Day

Chart 6: Proprietery 2008-09 Strawberry Nutrient Study - Camarillo,

  • CA. - Late Cumulative Marketable Production by Pick Day

Grower Standard Proprietery

57 flats behind

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Conclusions

  • Additional Early Season applications of

P2O5 did help increase early season production

  • As soils warmed and crop finished out the

end season differential was not as great

  • Early season production does return the

grower a better price per flat.

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2009-10 Strawberries

  • Planted 10/3/09
  • All Received Pre-Plant and in-Season Phosphate
  • 500 lb/ac 18-8-13 slow release
  • Approximately 20 gal/ac Phosphoric acid in season

(150 lb P2O5) in tape

  • Experimental Treatment received another 45 lb/ac
  • f P2O5 in the tape as 3-18-18 (ortho phosphate)
  • ver five applications
  • Also Proprietary product run alone and in

combination with 3-18-18

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Plant Sizing at Nine Weeks

Grower Standard Product A 3-18-18/Product A 3-18-18

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0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0

12/14/2009 12/17/2009 12/22/2009 12/27/09 12/30/09 1/4/10 1/8/2010 1/11/2010 1/15/2010 1/18/2010 1/22/2010 1/25/2010 1/29/2010 2/1/2010 2/4/2010 2/8/2010 2/12/2010 2/16/2010 2/22/2010 2/25/2010 3/1/2010 3/4/2010 3/8/2010 3/11/2010 3/15/2010 3/18/2010 3/22/2010 3/26/2010 3/29/2010 4/2/2010 4/5/2010 4/9/2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Trays per Acre (10 lb. equivalent)

Pick Day

Chart 8: Proprietery Trial on Strawberries - Ventura County, Fall/Winter 2009-2010 - Cumulative Marketable Production by Pick Day

Product A/3-18-18 Product A Alone Grower Standard 3-18-18 Alone

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0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0

12/14/2009 12/17/2009 12/22/2009 12/27/09 12/30/09 1/4/10 1/8/2010 1/11/2010 1/15/2010 1/18/2010 1/22/2010 1/25/2010 1/29/2010 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12

Trays per Acre (10 lb. equivalent)

Pick Day

Chart 8a: Proprietery Trial on Strawberries - Ventura County, Fall/Winter 2009-2010 - Cumulative Marketable Production by Pick Day

Product A/3-18-18 Product A Alone Grower Standard 3-18-18 Alone

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0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0

2/1/2010 2/4/2010 2/8/2010 2/12/2010 2/16/2010 2/22/2010 2/25/2010 3/1/2010 3/4/2010 3/8/2010 3/11/2010 3/15/2010 3/18/2010 3/22/2010 3/26/2010 3/29/2010 4/2/2010 4/5/2010 4/9/2010 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Trays per Acre (10 lb. equivalent)

Pick Day

Chart 8a: Proprietery Trial on Strawberries - Ventura County, Fall/Winter 2009-2010 - Cumulative Marketable Production by Pick Day

Product A/3-18-18 Product A Alone Grower Standard 3-18-18 Alone

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  • $2,500.00
  • $2,000.00
  • $1,500.00
  • $1,000.00
  • $500.00

$0.00 $500.00 $1,000.00 $1,500.00 $2,000.00 $2,500.00

12/14/2009 12/17/2009 12/22/2009 12/27/09 12/30/09 1/4/10 1/8/2010 1/11/2010 1/15/2010 1/18/2010 1/22/2010 1/25/2010 1/29/2010 2/1/2010 2/4/2010 2/8/2010 2/12/2010 2/16/2010 2/22/2010 2/25/2010 3/1/2010 3/4/2010 3/8/2010 3/11/2010 3/15/2010 3/18/2010 3/22/2010 3/26/2010 3/29/2010 4/2/2010 4/5/2010 4/9/2010

Dollars per Acre - Gross (does not include cost of program

Pick Day

Chart 9:Proprietery Trial on Strawberries - Ventura County, Fall/Winter 2009-2010-Cumulative Differential from Grower Standard Return

Product A/3-18-18 Product A Alone 3-18-18 Alone

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Conclusions

  • Additional Early Season applications of

P2O5 did help increase early season production

  • Spring of 2010 was cooler than previous
  • spring. With phosphate source removed in

February, reduction in production was

  • bserved.
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General Conclusions

  • General production increases of 5-10% for coastal

vegetables and strawberries when additional phosphate added to the growers standard programs in the fall, winter and early spring.

  • These have occurred on soils that are not generally

P2O5 deficient. 40-100 ppm P2O5 soils

  • Similar results not observed in the summer time.
  • No surprise that we are seeing a response on colder

soils

  • It is a surprise that what the grower’s thought was

sufficient supplies of phosphorus was not so.

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Thank You!