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Concepts as Hubs in the Web of Data Thomas Baker Dublin Core Metadata Initiative International UDC Seminar 2011 The Hague, 19 September 2011 This talk The Web: managed space of globally unique identifiers Uniform Resource Identifiers

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Concepts as Hubs in the Web of Data

Thomas Baker Dublin Core Metadata Initiative International UDC Seminar 2011

The Hague, 19 September 2011

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This talk

  • The Web: managed space of globally unique identifiers

– Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) – Resolvable to globally distributed resources – Domain Name System (DNS) specifies URI owners – http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85044033.html

  • Subject heading “Enlightenment (Buddhism)”, Library of Congress
  • Global space of uniquely identified concepts

– URIs for concepts in Knowledge Organization Systems (KOS) – Concept URIs as “hubs” linked to resources that are “tagged” (described) with the concepts – “Spokes” of the hub are statements using Resource Description Framework (RDF)

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RDF – grammar for a language of data

  • “Statements” (“triples”), like sentences, describe things.
  • URIs (and sometimes text) are the “words” of statements.
  • As Web addresses, URIs are like “footnotes” for data.

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Resource

relatedTo ResourceA ResourceB

Resource

describedBy ResourceA

Some text

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Example: “linking” two resources

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Resource A: Article indexed in AGRIS database

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Topic of the article Is “acrididae”, i.e. “grasshoppers”. One author is named “Lu Hui”.

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Statements about Resource A as “pseudo-triples”

Subject Predicate Object Resource A has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 Resource A has an Author Lu Hui Resource A has a Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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Resource A is identified by the URI http://agris.fao.org/resource/CN2009002389. Let’s abbreviate this as agris:CN2009002389.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author agris-author:luhui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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The author is identified by the URI http://agris.fao.org/author/luhui. Let’s abbreviate this as agris-author:luhui.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui has the Name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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The author agris-author:luhui has the name Lu Hui.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui has the Name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic agrovoc:c_4416

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The topic is identified by the URI http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4416. Let’s abbreviate this as agrovoc:c_4416.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui has the Name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic agrovoc:c_4416 agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label Acrididae (en) agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label 蝗科 (zh)

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The description of http://aims.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/c_4416 in the AGROVOC Concept Scheme tells us how this concept is labeled in English and in Chinese.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui has the Name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic agrovoc:c_4416 agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label Acrididae (en) agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label 蝗科 (zh)

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The Dublin Core element “Title” is identified by the URI http://purl.org/dc/terms/title. Let’s abbreviate this as dct:title.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416 agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label Acrididae (en) agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label 蝗科 (zh)

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Ditto for author (i.e., creator) and topic (i.e. subject). Name is defined in the FOAF vocabulary.

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Triplifying the description…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416 agrovoc:c_4416 skos:prefLabel Acrididae (en) agrovoc:c_4416 skos:prefLabel 蝗科 (zh)

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A property for the preferred label of a concept has been defined In the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) vocabulary.

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The triples seen as a graph

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416

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agris:CN…389

dct:title 典型草… Lu Hui

agris-author: luhui

dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

foaf:name dct:creator

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Resource B: AGRIS article in German

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Triples describing Resource B seen as a graph

Subject Predicate Object agris:CH2001000179 dct:title Heuschrecken brauchen ökologische Ausgleichsflächen agris:CH2001000179 dct:creator agris-author:peterb agris-author:luhui foaf:name Peter, B. agris:CH2001000179 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416

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agris:CH…179

dct:title

Heuschrecken

Peter, B.

agris-author: peterb

dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

foaf:name dct:creator

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Merging triples for Resource A…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416

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…with triples for Resource B…

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416 agris:CH2001000179 dct:title Heuschrecken brauchen ökologische Ausgleichsflächen agris:CH2001000179 dct:creator agris-author:peterb agris-author:luhui foaf:name Peter, B. agris:CH2001000179 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416

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The computer detects matching URIs...

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

agris:CH2001000179 dct:title Heuschrecken brauchen ökologische Ausgleichsflächen agris:CH2001000179 dct:creator agris-author:peterb agris-author:luhui foaf:name Peter, B. agris:CH2001000179 dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

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The computer detects matching URIs...

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agris:CN…389

dct:title 典型草… Lu Hui

agris-author: luhui

dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

foaf:name dct:creator

agris:CH…179

dct:title

Heuschrecken

Peter, B.

agris-author: peterb

dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

foaf:name dct:creator

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…and merges (“links”) the graphs into one.

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agris:CN…389

dct:title 典型草… Lu Hui

agris-author: luhui

dct:subject foaf:name dct:creator

agris:CH…179

dct:title

Heuschrecken

Peter, B.

agris-author: peterb

dct:subject

agrovoc:c_4416

foaf:name dct:creator

Resources in different languages, linked by reference to a common KOS Concept. An “infinitely expandable description”…!

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CASTING A WIDER NET

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Orthoptera

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Orthoptera.rdf

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The BBC Grasshopper page links to a news article…

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http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8172000/8172168.stm

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…and to a DBPedia category…

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http://dbpedia.org/page/Orthoptera

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…using information extracted from Wikipedia.

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What else links to the DBPedia concept…?

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…the description of an expert!

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What else links to the DBPedia concept?

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“exactly matches” “broader than”

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“Six degrees of (linked-data) separation”…

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AGRIS record AGROVOC concept DBPedia concept VIVO Expert BBC Web page BBC News Wikipedia page

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From “records” to “graphs”

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Resource A described in a (traditional) Record

Attribute Value Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 Author Lu Hui Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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…re-interpreted as “statements”

Subject Predicate Object Resource A (has) Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 Resource A (has) Author Lu Hui Resource A (has) Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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Note the implied “has”.

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Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 (has) Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 (has) Author Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 (has) Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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Subject of Resource A is identified with a URI.

From “bundle of strings” into “bundle of references”

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Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 (has) Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 (has) Author agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui (has) Name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 (has) Topic Acrididae (grasshoppers)

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The Author is referenced with a URI. The name

  • f the Author – a “string value” – is taken from the

referenced authority. Subject of Resource A is identified with a URI.

From “bundle of strings” into “bundle of references”

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Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 has the Title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 has an Author agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui has the Name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 has a Topic agrovoc:c_4416 agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label Acrididae (en) agrovoc:c_4416 has preferred label 蝗科 (zh)

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Subject of Resource A is identified with a URI. The Author is referenced with a URI. The name

  • f the Author – a “string value” – is taken from the

referenced authority.

From “bundle of strings” into “bundle of references”

The Subject is referenced with a URI. The labels

  • f the Subjects – “string values” – are taken from

the referenced authority.

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Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris-author:luhui foaf:name Lu Hui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416 agrovoc:c_4416 skos:prefLabel Acrididae (en) agrovoc:c_4416 skos:prefLabel 蝗科 (zh)

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Subject of Resource A is identified with a URI. The Author is referenced with a URI. The name

  • f the Author – a “string value” – is taken from the

referenced authority. The Subject is referenced with a URI. The labels

  • f the Subjects – “string values” – are taken from

the referenced authority. The predicates are referenced from external authorities: here, the Dublin Core, FOAF, and SKOS vocabularies.

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Description of Resource A (largely) a bundle of URIs

Subject Predicate Object agris:CN2009002389 dct:title 典型草原三种蝗虫种群死 亡率的研究 agris:CN2009002389 dct:creator agris-author:luhui agris:CN2009002389 dct:subject agrovoc:c_4416

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…or rather, mostly URIs.

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“Record”: cluster of triples, many outward-pointing URIs

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AGRIS record AGROVOC AGRIS Authors Dublin Core FOAF SKOS

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Where is The Record?

  • “Implicit, not explicit. Everywhere and nowhere.”

– Gordon Dunsire

  • Machines create descriptions “just in time”
  • No need to maintain Records “just in case”
  • Triples re-combined in tailored views for different

audiences

– E.g., scholars, buyers, ordinary searchers

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Traditional paradigm: Integrate across silos by mapping Records

Schema A Schema B Schema C same as mapped to

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Linked Data: Applications create good triples

Application A Application B Application C

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Good triples can be merged coherently

Profile A Profile B Profile C

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Data “speaks for itself” independently of “applications”

Profile A Profile B Profile C

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Data from many sources can be merged

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…and queried as a whole.

Search engine

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SUMMARY

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KOS Concepts can function as “hubs” linking disparate sources simply thru publishing triples with their URIs

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AGRIS record AGROVOC concept DBPedia concept VIVO Expert BBC Web page BBC News Wikipedia page

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Alignments extend the “indexing coverage” of KOS concepts

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US National Agricultural Library DBPedia Dewey Eurovoc Rameau FAO Country Profiles STW Thesaurus for Economics

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Multilingual labels extend their “linguistic coverage”

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English French Russian Arabic Hindi Thai Japanese Chinese Korean

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tom@tombaker.org

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