COMBINED HEAT & POWER A SOLUTION TO THE ENERGY CRISIS IN BRAZIL - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

7th INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON EUCALYPTUS PULP Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil

COMBINED HEAT & POWER A SOLUTION TO THE ENERGY CRISIS IN BRAZIL

TYPE QUANTITY INSTALLED POWER (KW) %

Hydropower Plants (>30MW) - UHE 201 84.778.838 62,22% Thermoelectric Plants - UTE 2.408 38.482.762 28,24% Wind Power Plants - EOL 266 5.862.249 4,30% Hydropower Plants (1-30MW) - PCH 477 4.797.722 3,52% Hydropower Plants (<3 MW) - CGH 496 326.443 0,24% Nuclear Power Plants - UTN 2 1.990.000 1,46% PV Plants - UFV 317 15.179 0,01%

TOTAL

4.167 136.253.193 Brazil has the third largest electricity sector in the Americas, behind the United States and Canada. The electricity generation capability of the country by 14/05/2015 distributes as follows (source ANEEL):

BRAZIL’S ELECTRICITY GENERATION ACTUAL SCENARIO I

Currently Brazil faces a crisis of power generation capacity mainly caused for two reasons:

• The investment in electricity infrastructure in Brazil in recent years has not

been aligned with the growth of the electricity demand in the country.

• Brazil’s electricity generation is primarily based on large hydropower
• plants. After some of the drier rain sessions in years the level of reservoirs

is alarmingly low. This crisis is producing strong increases in electricity prices during 2015 as well as problems of electricity supply for both the industry and the services

• sector. Because of this Brazil has an urgent need to increase the electricity

generation capacity in the system. Also the industries need to find a way to reduce the costs of their electricity consumption and guarantee their power supply

BRAZIL’S ELECTRICITY GENERATION ACTUAL SCENARIO II

SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION DEVELOPMENT

A sustainable development the electric generation sector, that is to say, the expansion of electricity generation capability in the more efficient and environmental friendly way, is a key component of energy policy in Brazil. A sustainable development may be achieve by promoting technologies, which enhances some of the following features:

• RENEWABLE RESOURCES
• HIGH EFFICIENCY ENERGY CONVERSION
• DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
• LOW ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ALTERNATIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE ELECTRICITY GENERATION DEVELOPMENT

We will introduce two alternatives for the sustainable development of electricity generation that have great potential of growth in Brazil that may be

• f interest to the Wood and Pulp and paper industry.
• BIOMASS FUELED POWER PLANTS.
• BIOMASS AND GAS FUELED COMBINED

HEAT AND POWER (CHP) PLANTS.

CHP DEFINITION

The process of transforming the energy from any source into electricity is never loss-free. In thermo electrical generation, 50% or more of primary energy is lost, most of it transformed to heat that is usually wasted. Combined Heat & Power (CHP) is a technique used to obtain both electricity and useful heat from a single energy source. This is accomplished by using the heat generated inevitably in the electrical generation process to satisfy a local demand of thermal energy (hot/cold water, steam, hot air…) instead of wasting it. With CHP Wasted Heat is turned into Useful Heat.

COGENERATION or COMBINED HEAT AND POWER (CHP): Is the simultaneous generation of electric power and useful heat (steam, hot/cold water…) from the same fuel source.

CHP BENEFITS

• INCREASE THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY and therefore produces

significant savings in primary energy. The fuel consumption is lower when used to produce both electricity and heat simultaneously (CHP) than when is used to produce them separately (Conventional Generation)

• REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2,

Kyoto Protocol friendly Technology.

• Due to the fact that CHP is DISTRIBUTED GENERATION, it leads to

lower transport and transformation losses in the network, and less electrical infrastructure requirements

CHP VS CONVENTIONAL GENERATION I

Conventional Thermal Power Plant

FUEL 100% ELECTRICITY 35- 50% WASTE HEAT 50 – 65 %

Hot water/steam Boiler with gas burner

FUEL 100% USEFUL HEAT 85 - 90% WASTE HEAT 10 – 15 %

GAS ENGINE CHP PLANT

FUEL 100% USEFUL HEAT 40- 45% WASTE HEAT 10 – 20 %

OVERALL EFFICENCY (ELECTRIC AND THERMAL) 80 – 90 %

ELECTRICITY 40- 45 %

CHP VS CONVENTIONAL GENERATION Ii

CHP BASIC PROCESS DIAGRAM

GAS

Low Temperature Refrigeration Circuit 90º 80º

ELECTRICITY

High Temperature Refrigeration Circuit

USEFUL HEAT

400º Exhaust

WASTE HEAT

45º 40º

ENGINE

BIOMAS FUELED POWER PLANTS

The term BIOMASS refers to any biological material derived from living

• r recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-

derived materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass. As an energy source the biomass is a very interesting alternative to fossil fuels (natural gas, fuel, oil ...) since it is a

• RENEWABLE FUEL
• MANAGEABLE
• CHEAP
• AUTOCHTHONOUS
• ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY

IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO USE BIOMASS AS FUEL OF A CHP PLANT.

LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS TO ELECTRICITY

LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS HEAT SYNGAS

Thermal process: Combustion Chemical process: Gasification

ELECTRICITY

Rankine Cycle: Water Steam Cycle ORC Otto Cycle: Engines Bryton Cycle: Turbine

ELECTRICITY GENERATION BASED ON BIOMASS GASIFICATION

GASIFICATION is a complex thermochemical process that occurs in a low oxygen atmosphere in which a carbonaceous substrate, through a series of reactions that occur at a certain temperature in the presence of a “gasification agent” (air, oxygen…) is transformed into a combustible gas of low calorific value. The resulting gas mixture is called syngas (from synthesis gas or synthetic gas) or producer gas and is itself a fuel. The advantage of gasification is that using the syngas is potentially more efficient than direct combustion of the original fuel because it can be combusted at higher temperatures. If the syngas is passed through a process of cleaning and filtering (removing tar and other condensates) it can even be used in gas engines to produce electricity with high efficiency.

BIOMASS GASIFICATION BASIC PROCESS DIAGRAM

BIOMASS

BIOMASS GASIFIER

Raw gas

BAG FILTER

AIR

Raw gas filtered Solid particles, ahses…

HEAT ECHANGER / CHILLER

Tars, oil…

SYNGAS

BIOMASS GASIFICATION STAGES

During the gasification process, hundreds of chemical reactions take place but the overall process can described in four stages:

• The biomass dehydration or DRYING PROCESS. Typically, the

resulting steam is mixed into the gas flow and may be involved with subsequent chemical reactions.

• In the PYROLYSIS volatiles are released and char is produced. The

process is dependent on the properties of the biomass carbonaceous material.

• The COMBUSTION process occurs as the volatile products and some
• f the char reacts with oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and

small amounts of carbon monoxide, providing the necessary heat for the subsequent gasification reactions.

• The GASIFICATION process occurs as the char reacts with steam to

produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. high efficiency.

BIOMASS GASIFIERS TYPES

These are the most typical configurations for SMALL-MEDIUM SIZED PLANTS.

• Counter-current fixed bed or updraft gasifier.
• Co-current fixed bed or downdraft.
• Fluidized bed (at atmospheric pressure or pressurized): Gasification occurs
• n a fluidized bed of inert material, typically sand.

A CHP PLANT BASED ON BIOMAS GASIFICATION PROJECT - ST2 BARCELONA (SPAIN)

As part of the Parc de l’Alba (Cerdanyola) DH&C network project based on CHP, following the construction of the 16 MW CHP plan based on gas engines (ST4), it is planned to construct a 2MW CHP Plant based on woodchips gasification (ST2).

A CHP PLANT BASED ON BIOMAS GASIFICATION PROJECT - ST2 BARCELONA (SPAIN)

ELECTRICITY GENERATION BASED ON BIOMASS COMBUSTION

It is possible to produce electricity with biomass in more conventional way in a RANKINE CYCLE BASED POWER PLANT. The biomass can be burned in a watertube boiler to produce high pressure steam (>400º) to be expanded in a steam turbine that will produce electricity. The expanded steam need to be condensed and the cycle starts again. Of course, it is a very mature and well proven technology but has the inconvenient that in order to achieve good efficiency levels very large plant sizes are required. A very interesting alternative FOR SMALLER SIZES OF PLANT, which is more suitable for to the quantities of biomass typically managed industrially with a more moderate logistics, is the ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC). ORC is just the Rankine cycle applied to a silicon oil fluid instead of water; this fluid has the appropriate thermodynamic characteristics that allow high cycle efficiencies with lower temperature heat input.

ORC MODULE

TURBINE PUMP EVAPORATOR CONDENSER

SILICON OIL CYCLE

HIGH TEMPERATURE HEAT IN LOW TEMPERATURE HEAT OUT ELECTRICITY OUT ELECTRICITY IN

ORC MODULE

The complete Rankine cycle is carried away in the ORC Module.

ORC BASED POWER PLANT BASIC PROCESS DIAGRAM

BIOMASS

50º

ELECTRICITY

Condenser Refrigeration Circuit

ORC MODULE BIOMASS BOILER

310º 250º Thermail Oil Circuit

WASTE HEAT

40º Flue gases 150º

WASTE HEAT

A CHP BIOMASS FUELED POWER PLANT BASED ON ORC - PELLETS ASTURIAS (SPAIN)

PELLETS ASTURIAS is a Spanish company of the forestry and wood processing sector. They produce 30.000 tons/year of industrial and domestic pellets made out of wood chips. Briefly their process can be outlined as follows, They take wood chips and grind them in a mill, then the water from the wood splinters (with humidity of 50%) is removed in a belt drier, finally the dry splinters are pelletized in three big pelletizer machines.

A BELT DRIER is a high efficiency equipment to dry material in continuous operation with a moderate temperature. The wet splinters are continuously and evenly applied through an infeed chamber onto a perforated belt. The belt, in horizontal position, carries the product through the drying area where hot air (80º) flows through and over the wet splinters and and dries them. The hot air produced by means of several air-water heat exchangers installed on top of the equipment, an exhaust fan takes care of inducing airflow.

HE 1 HE 2 HE 3 HE 4 Fan air 35 ºC 15 ºC 85 ºC 65 ºC 80 ºC

Belt

Wet splinters Dry splinters

Material

A CHP BIOMASS FUELED POWER PLANT BASED ON ORC - PELLETS ASTURIAS (SPAIN)

BIOMASS

85º Condenser Refrigeration Circuit

ORC MODULE

310º 250º Thermail oil circuit

USEFUL HEAT

65º Flue gases 150º

WASTE HEAT ELECTRICITY

BIOMASS BOILER A CHP BIOMASS FUELED POWER PLANT BASED ON ORC - PELLETS ASTURIAS (SPAIN)

NOMINAL POWER: 1.000 KW LOCATION: Tineo (ASTURIAS) START-UP: January 2013 CONTRACT: EPC Y O&M ORC MODULE: TURBODEN CHP-10 1.000 KW GRID INTERCONECTION: 1250 KV, 22. KV HEAT RECOVERY HOT WATER: 4.200 kW HOT WATER ECONOMIZER: 1.200 THERMAL OIL ECONOMIZER: 450 kW ELECTRIC EFFICENCY: 19,5% THERMAL EFFICENCY: 78,6 % OVERALL EFFICENCY: 96,1%

A CHP BIOMASS FUELED POWER PLANT BASED ON ORC - PELLETS ASTURIAS (SPAIN)

THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

CONTACT INFORMATION

www.lonjastec.com