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Click to go to website: www.njctl.org Slide 2 / 81 Eukaryotes - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 11, 2023 122 likes •944 views

Slide 1 / 81 New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be

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This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org and is intended for the non-commercial use of students and teachers. These materials may not be used for any commercial purpose without the written permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its website for the convenience of teachers who wish to make their work available to other teachers, participate in a virtual professional learning community, and/or provide access to course materials to parents, students and others.

Click to go to website: www.njctl.org New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning Progressive Science Initiative

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www.njctl.org

Eukaryotes & Gene Expression Practice Questions

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1 Identify two characteristics that are shared by all cells.

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2 Suppose you are investigating a cell that contains a nucleus. Would you categorize this cell as a prokaryote or eukaryote? Explain your answer.

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3 Is it more efficient for cells to have a high or low surface area to volume ratio? Explain.

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4 Explain, in terms of cell function, why it is more advantageous for cells to be small.

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5 Organelles are to cells as organs are to the human body. Explain why this analogy is true.

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6 What are two differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

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7 Would you be more likely to observe a prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell under the lowest magnification available on your microscope? Explain your answer.

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8 Explain, in terms of surface area to volume ratio, why cells are small.

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9 Identify the four major categories of eukaryotic cells.

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10 Explain how the meaning of the terms prokaryote and eukaryote help explain the structure of the cell.

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11 Why is it important that the nucleus of a cell contains nuclear pores?

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12 How is it possible that even though all the cells of a multicellular organism contain the same DNA, there are many different types of cells that differ in structure and function?

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13 How are chromosomes related to chromatin?

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14 How does the ‘packing’ of DNA impact the process of gene expression in cells?

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15 How does the presence of transcription factors influence the process of gene expression?

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16 How is the presence of transcription factors related to external stimuli in an environment?

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17 Explain the observable differences that would exist between a molecule of pre-mRNA and a finished molecule of mRNA?

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18 In what way does the splicing of a molecule of mRNA alter the contents of the molecule? Be sure to use appropriate terminology.

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19 How does alternative splicing affect the ability of a molecule of mRNA to produce multiple proteins?

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20 Explain how nuclear pores are like the ‘gatekeepers’ of the nuclear membrane.

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21 How does the length of a poly-A tail on mRNA impact the amount of protein can be produced from the mRNA?

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22 Given the sequence of eukaryotic DNA below, transcribe the gene and complete all three steps

  • f RNA processing. (Exons are bold)

Non-template strand:

5’ATTATGGGCATATATCCG GCGCCTTAATTATTC3’

Template strand:

3’TAATACCCGTA TATAGGC CGCGGAATTAA TAAG5’

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23 How is the process of transcription related to the process of translation in the cell?

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24 Why is the nucleus often referred to as the ‘control center’ of the cell.

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25 Is the process of gene expression the same in prokaryotes as it is in eukaryotes? Explain your answer.

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26 What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA?

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27 What role do histones play in the packing of DNA?

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28 How is the presence of transcription factors related to the characteristics that define living

  • rganisms?
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29 Identify the purpose of the modification of pre- mRNA by adding the nucleotide cap and poly-A tail.

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30 Why are coding segments of mRNA referred to as ‘exons?’

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31 Explain how alternative splicing allows a cell to produce different proteins from the same segment

  • f mRNA.
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32 Given the sequence of eukaryotic DNA below, transcribe the gene and complete all three steps

  • f RNA processing. (Exons are bold)

Non-template strand:

3’GGCCGGCTATAATCGATACTTACGAATGTAAAA5’

Template strand:

5’CCGGCCGATATTAGCTATGAATGCTTACATTTT3’

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33 What role do hydrolytic enzymes play in the production of protein in a cell?

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34 What are the components of the ‘endomembrane system?’

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35 How does the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum relate to the amount of smooth E.R. found within different types of cells?

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36 Explain the progression of a protein through the endomembrane system of a cell.

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37 Compare the Golgi apparatus to a component of a city or town, based on the function of the

  • rganelle.
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38 How is the creation of lysosomes related to the Golgi apparatus?

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39 How is a peroxisome related to a lysosome?

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40 Why are cell membranes often referred to as semipermeable?

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41 Identify and explain the process by which large proteins created in the cell are transported to the extracellular environment?

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42 What is a ‘secretory protein?’

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43 Identify the relationship between ribosomes and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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44 How does a glycoprotein help determine the role

  • f a protein within a cell?
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45 What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in the process of protein production within a cell?

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46 Identify three different cellular functions accomplished by the smooth E.R.

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47 What is the purpose of lysosomes for the cell?

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48 What function do peroxisomes perform for the cell?

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49 What role might a protein play that is created within the cell and becomes embedded in the cell membrane?

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50 Why is endocytosis important for efficient cellular function?

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51 Explain the structure of a chloroplast, identifying the areas where the light reactions and Calvin cycle occur.

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52 What is the function of the mitochondria for the cell?

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53 Do prokaryotic cells contain mitochondria? Explain your answer.

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54 Both mitochondria and chloroplasts contain highly folded internal membranes. Explain the importance of these membranes for the organelle, including the importance of the folded nature.

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55 Briefly summarize the endosymbiotic theory as proposed by Lynn Margulis.

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56 According to the endosymbiotic theory, before they were eukaryotic organelles, the chloroplast and mitochondria more closely resembled what type of organism?

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57 Why is mitochondrial DNA utilized to trace maternal heritage?

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58 Identify the role of the chloroplast for a plant cell.

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59 Do plant cells contain mitochondria even though they are photosynthetic? Explain your answer.

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60 Explain the meaning of the term endosymbiosis.

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61 What is the evidence used to support the endosymbiotic theory?

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62 What is the ‘mitochondrial eve?’

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63 Why do organisms receive all of their mitochondrial DNA from their mother?

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64 How is the central vacuole of a plant cell related to wilting?

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65 How do a food vacuole and lysosome help to digest particles within a cell?

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66 What is the role of a contractile vacuole in a cell?

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67 How are sugars related to the cell wall of plant cells?

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68 Why is it important that adjacent plant and animal cells contain cell junctions?

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69 Suppose you are investigating a cell that contains

  • plasmodesmata. Would you label this cell as a

plant or animal cell? Explain your answer.

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70 Which sort of cell junction would you most likely

  • bserve between adjacent cells that cannot

experience leakage? What type of cells may you be observing?

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71 If animal cells need to transport ions and sugars, what sort of cell junction would you predict they would utilize? Support your response.

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72 What is a vacuole?

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73 How is a central vacuole related to turgor pressure in a cell?

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74 What is a cytoskeleton and what does it do for the cell?

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75 Compare and contrast the external structure of plant cells and fungi.

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76 What role does the extracellular matrix provide for a group of cells?

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77 Do plant and animal cells contain the same type

  • f cell junctions? Why or why not?
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78 Finish the following analogy. Plasmodesmata: plant cells:: __________________: animal cells.

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79 Identify three differences between the structure of plant and animal cells.