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- UNICEF – Innocenti Research Centre
- Eight affluent countries
- Number of children in immigrant families
- Circumstances in the areas of:
CHILD WELL-BEING AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN AFFLUENT SOCIETIES by - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
CHILD WELL-BEING AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN AFFLUENT SOCIETIES by - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
CHILD WELL-BEING AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY IN AFFLUENT SOCIETIES by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor Department of Sociology Hunter College and The Graduate Center City University of New York Email: Donald.Hernandez@hunter.cuny.edu Phone:
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U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child affirms a child’ rights to:
- Adequate Standard of Living
- Education directed toward the development
- f child’s fullest potential
- Highest available standard of health
- Child’s own cultural identify and use of his
- r her own language
Slide 3. All Children are Entitled to Rights in the U.N. CRC, Regardless of Ethnic Origin, National Origin, Language, and Race
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Rank Study Country
1st USA 3rd Germany 5th France 9th United Kingdom 11th Australia 16th Italy 25th Switzerland 27th Netherlands Slide 4. Eight Affluent Countries in IRC Project and Global Rank by Number of Immigrants
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Slide 5. “Non-Western” Population as Percent of Total Population circa 2000 and Projected 2050
18% 17% 25% 50% 9% 31% 7% 9%
Germany Netherlands England and Wales USA
2000 2050
50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
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Slide 6. Children in Immigrant Families as Percent of All Children
39% 17% 22% 26% 10% 25% 33% 16%
Italy United Kingdom France Netherlands USA Germany Australia Switzerland
50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
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Slide 7. Children in Immigrant Families with LMIC Origins as Percent of Children in All Immigrant Families
10-13% 31-50% 61-63% 75-76% 66-77% 46-78% 50% 54%
Germany Australia France Switzerland Italy United Kingdom Netherlands USA
50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
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Sources of Income:
- Money income earned by employed parents
- Money income from government programs
- Other goods/services from government
programs Housing is a major cost in family budgets:
- Overcrowded housing
Slide 8. U.N. CRC: All Children have the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living
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“Employment is a key part
- f the integration process and
is central to the participation of immigrants, to the contributions immigrants make to the host society, and to making such contributions visible. (Council of the European Union, 2004) Slide 9. European Union Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy Concerning Employment
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Slide 10. Children with LMIC and Native Origins, Difference in Percent with Father Employed
2%
- 3%
- 6%
- 11%
- 13%
- 23%
- 26%
- 32%
Italy USA Australia Switzerland United Kingdom France Netherlands Germany
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
- 50% (LMIC < Native) (LMIC > Native) +50%
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Slide 11. Children with LMIC and Native Origins, Difference in Percent with Mother Employed
9%
- 8%
- 9%
- 15%
- 23%
- 33%
- 36%
- 37%
Italy Australia Switzerland USA United Kingdom Netherlands Germany France
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
- 50% (LMIC < Native) (LMIC > Native) +50%
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“Access for immigrants to institutions, as well as to public and private goods and services,
- n a basis equal to citizens and
in a non-discriminatory way is a critical foundation for better integration. (Council of the European Union, 2004) Slide 12. European Union Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy Concerning Money Income and Social Transfers
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Slide 13. Children with Immigrant and Native Origins, Percent Poverty Reduction Due to Social Transfers
(Smeeding, Wing, and Robson, forthcoming)
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
- 50% (Immigrant < Native) 0
- 2%
- 7%
- 12%
- 15%
- 24%
- 1%
- 7%
- 12%
- 30%
- 38%
USA Germany Australia United ¡Kingdom France
Immigrant Native
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Slide 14. Children with Immigrant and Native Origins, Poverty Rate Based on Market Income and Including Social Transfers
(Smeeding, Wing, and Robson, forthcoming)
20% 29% 15% 33% 19% 20% 16% 13% 6% 8%
Germany France Australia United Kingdom USA
Immigrant Native
50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
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Slide 15. Children with Immigrant and Native Origins, Difference in Poverty Rate Based on Market Income and Social Transfers
(Smeeding, Wing, and Robson, forthcoming)
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
- 50% (Immigrant < Native) 0
6% 7% 12% 13% 13% Australia Germany France USA United Kingdom
- 50% (Immigrant < Native) (Immigrant > Native) +50%
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“In order to successfully integrate and participate in all aspects of life, migrants must be provided with basic rights in terms of access to…housing.” “As part of the action programme to combat social exclusion, the Commission has commissioned a study
- n access to decent housing for migrants….”
(European Commission, 2006) Slide 16. European Union Report on Immigrant Integration: Focus on Housing
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Slide 17. Children with LMIC and Native Origins, Difference in Percent Living in Overcrowded Housing
(more than 1 person per room)
NA NA NA 43% 42% 22% 21% 3% Germany Netherlands Switzerland USA France United Kingdom Italy Australia
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
- 50% (LMIC < Native) (LMIC > Native) +50%
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- Children’s educational achievement
is strongly influenced by parent education level
- PreKindergarten enrollment
- Reading and mathematics test scores
Slide 18. U.N. CRC: All Children have the Right to Education Directed Toward Developing the Child’s Fullest Potential
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“Efforts in education are critical in preparing immigrants, and particularly their descendants, to be more successful and more active participants in society.” (Council of the European Union, 2004) Slide 19. European Union Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy Concerning Education
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Slide 20. Children with LMIC and Native Origins, Difference in Percent with Father Completing Less Than High School
NA 35% 34% 33% 33% 19%
- 6%
- 10%
Netherlands Switzerland Germany France USA Italy Australia United Kingdom
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
- 50% (LMIC < Native) (LMIC > Native) +50%
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- Chicago Child-Parent Centers
- Long-term society return was
$8.24 for every $1.00 invested in the first 4-6 years of school Slide 21. High-quality Prekindergarten is highly cost-effective for Improving Educational Attainment
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- 53% USA, in native-born family
USA, in immigrant family
- 44% Total
- 40% Indochina
- 36% Mexico and Central America
Germany
- 84% German Citizens
- 78% Not German Citizen
Slide 22. PreKindergarten Enrollment in the U.S. and Germany
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7 14 44
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent in Fourth Grade at or above Proficient Level
Slide 23. Children Proficient in 4th Grade Reading and Mathematics: ELL Status, 2011
Dual Language Learner Reading Mathemati cs
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7 37 14 44
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Percent in Fourth Grade at or above Proficient Level
Slide 23. Children Proficient in 4th Grade Reading and Mathematics: ELL Status, 2011
Dual Language Learner English Only Learner Reading Mathemati cs
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- CRC: Children are entitled to rights without
distinction with regard to their language
- CRC: Children have the right to their own
culture and use of their own language
- EU: Settlement society language is
indispensable to integration
- EU: The practice of diverse cultures and
religions is guaranteed under the Charter
- f Fundamental Rights
Slide 24. Language and Culture: Rights under the CRC and the E.U. Principles of Immigrant inclusion
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“The participation of immigrants in the democratic process… supports their integration.”
(Council of the European Union, 2004)
Importance of Member States “…ensuring that immigrants… are able to participate to the fullest extent possible in the…civic life of the relevant Member State.”
(Council of the European Union, 2007)
Slide 25. Civic Participation: European Union Basic Principles for Immigrant Integration Policy
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Slide 26. Children with LMIC Origins, Percent with a Parent Who is a Citizen
- f the Settlement Country
27% 29% 14% 55% 18%
Australia Italy Netherlands USA Switzerland France Germany United Kingdom
NA NA NA 50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
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Slide 27. Children with LMIC Origins, Percent Who were Born in the Settlement Country
67% 77% 86% 22% 83% 87% 63%
Australia Italy Switzerland USA United Kingdom Netherlands France Germany
NA 50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
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Slide 28. Children with LMIC Origins, Percent Who are Citizens
- f the Settlement Country
82% 85% 32% 49%
Switzerland Italy USA Australia France Netherlands Germany United Kingdom
NA NA NA 50% 100%
Source: Prepared by Donald J. Hernandez from UNICEF-IRC project on children and immigrant families.
NA
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Slide 29. Resources and Challenges for Children in Immigrant Families with Origins in Low and Middle Income Countries immigrant resources:
- Two-parent families
- Bilingual skills
- Citizenship in settlement country
- Strong work ethic
- Family-owned homes
immigrant challenges:
- Low educational attainments
- Low wages, part-time work
- High poverty
- Overcrowded housing
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