Chapter 7 1
Learning Objectives Calculate realized and expected rates of return and 1. risk. Describe the historical pattern of financial market 2. returns. Compute geometric (or compound) and arithmetic 3. average rates of return. Explain the efficient market hypothesis and why it is 4. important to stock prices. 2
Principles Applied in This Chapter Principle 2: There is a Risk ‐ Return Tradeoff. Principle 4: Market Prices Reflect Information. 3
Calculating the Realized Return from an Investment Realized return or cash return measures the gain or loss on an investment. Example: You invested in 1 share of Apple (AAPL) for $95 and sold a year later for $200. The company did not pay any dividend during that period. What will be the cash return on this investment? 4
Calculating the Realized Return from an Investment Suppose you buy a share for $95. It pays no dividend. After 1 year you sell it for $200 Cash Return = $200 + 0 - $95 = $ 1 0 5 5
Calculating the Realized Return from an Investment Percentage return cash return divided by the beginning stock price. Rate of Return = ($200 + 0 - $95) ÷ 95 = 1 1 0 .5 3 % 6
Calculating Realized Rate of Return 7
Calculating the Expected Return from an Investment Expected return is what the investor expects to earn from an investment in the future. 8
Table 7 -2 Calculating the Expected Rate of Return for an Investment in Common Stock 9
Measuring Risk The variability in returns can be quantified by computing the Variance or Standard Deviation in investment returns. The formula for the variance is � � � �� � � μ� � � � � �� � � μ� � � � � … � �� � � μ� � � � The standard deviation is � � √� � 10
• Expected Return, E(r) = 0.15 • Variance = 0.0165 • Standard Deviation = 0.1285 11
A Brief History of the Financial Markets Investors have historically earned higher rates of return on riskier investments. However, having a higher expected rate of return simply means that investors “expect” to realize a higher return. Higher return is not guaranteed. 12
Listing “Gap” The number of listed firms has fallen 1996: 8,090 listed firms 2017: 4,336 listed firms Fewer listed companies, higher aggregate valuation Fewer companies choosing to go public More M&A, more private equity investment 13
Historical Rates of Return for U.S. Financial Securities: 1926–2011 14
Historical Rates of Return, 1970 ‐ 2015 15
Stocks, Bonds, Commodities, and Real Estate 16
Stocks, Gold and Real Esate 17
Figure 7.4 Historical Rates of Return in Global Markets: 1970–2011 18
Figure 7.5 Investing in Emerging Markets: 1988–2011 19
Lessons Learned Lesson # 1: The riskier investments have historically realized higher returns. Lesson # 2: The historical returns of the higher- risk investment classes have higher standard deviations. 20
Geometric vs. Arithmetic Average Rates of Return “What was the average of the yearly rates of return?” The arithmetic average rate of return answers the question “What was the growth rate of your investment?” The Compound Average Annual Return (geometric average) answers the question � ���� � 1 � � 1 � � � … 1 � � - 1 � � 21
Choosing the Right “ Average ” Both arithmetic average geometric average are important and correct. The following grid provides some guidance as to which average is appropriate and when: Question being Appropriate Average addressed: Calculation: What annual rate of The arithmetic average return can we expect for rate of return calculated next year? using annual rates of return. What annual rate of The CAAR calculated over return can we expect over a similar past period. a multi ‐ year horizon? 22
Computing the Geometric Average Rate of Return Compute the arithmetic average and CAAR for the following stock. 23
Computing Geometric Average Rate of Return Arithmetic Average = (40+ (-50)) ÷ 2 = -5 % CAAR (geometric average) = [ (1+ R 1 ) × (1+ R 2 )] 1/ 2 - 1 = [ (1.4) × (1+ (-.5))] 1/ 2 - 1 = -1 6 .3 3 % 24
Computing Rates of Return What are the arithmetic and geometric rates of return? 25
What Determines Stock Prices The value of an asset is the expected present value to the future cash flows. For stocks, the future cash flows come from Dividends Price appreciation 26
Efficient Market Hypothesis The efficient m arket hypothesis ( EMH) states that securities prices accurately reflect future expected cash flows and are based on all information available to investors. An efficient m arket is a market in which all the available information is fully incorporated into the prices of the securities and the returns the investors earn on their investments cannot be predicted. 27
The Efficient Market Hypothesis 1. The w eak-form efficient m arket hypothesis 2. The sem i-strong form efficient m arket hypothesis 3. The strong-form efficient m arket hypothesis 28
Efficient Market Hypothesis Public & Private Info Public Info Transaction Info 29
Efficient Market Hypothesis Public & Private Info Public Info Transaction Info Weak Form 30
Efficient Market Hypothesis Public & Private Info Public Info Semi-Strong Form Transaction Info Weak Form 31
Efficient Market Hypothesis Public & Private Info Strong Form Public Info Semi-Strong Form Transaction Info Weak Form 32
Do We Expect Financial Markets To Be Perfectly Efficient ? In general, markets are expected to be at least weak-form and semi-strong form efficient. If there did exist simple profitable strategies, then the strategies would attract the attention of investors, who by implementing their strategies would compete away the profits. 33
The Behavioral View Efficient market hypothesis is based on the assumption that investors, as a group, are rational. This view has been challenged. If investors do not rationally process information, then markets may not accurately reflect even public information. 34
Table 7 -4 Summarizing the Evidence of Anomalies to the Efficient Market Hypothesis 35
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