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Chapter 3 Part 2 The Thalamus =LGN, MGN and so on ascending - - PDF document
Chapter 3 Part 2 The Thalamus =LGN, MGN and so on ascending - - PDF document
Chapter 3 Part 2 The Thalamus =LGN, MGN and so on ascending information relay station projecting to all cortical regions Hypothalamus Controls many functions including hunger, thirst, pain, pleasure and the sex drive.
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Hypothalamus
- Controls many functions
including hunger, thirst, pain, pleasure and the sex drive.
- Regulate the pituitary
gland, which in turn, regulates hormonal levels in the body.
- Important in
homeostasis, reproduction, and various behaviors
- Two pathways, anterior
and posterior
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Midbrain= tectum + tegmentum
Midbrain acts as a relay station, as a point of integration for sensory input (=tectum), and in perception of pain 1) Overlapping maps for visual, auditory, and somatosensory input 2) Multisensory neurons integrate more than one sensory input
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Hindbrain=cerebellum + pons + medulla
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Cerebellum
- A. Functional organization
– 1) Vestibulocerebellum (important in balance and eye/ head movements) – 2) Spinocerebellum (adjustment of voluntary behaviors, such as walking) – 3) Cerebrocerebellum (voluntary behavior; assists in planned movements via the premotor cortex; behaviors that work or don't work)
- B. Arbitrator of motor events
- C. A general topographic map exists for control of motor events 1) Homunculi
exist in the cerebellum
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Brainstem
- Brainstem
(Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
- blongata)
- Site of Reticular
Activating System (RAS)
- Affects state of
arousal (sleep- wake cycle, hibernation cycle)
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Spinal Chord Cross-Section
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Spinal Cord
- General organization: An
extension of the brain
- Spinal root: a bundle of axons
surrounded by connective tissue that occurs in pairs, which fuse and form a spinal nerve.
- Gray matter/ white matter
- 2. Functions
- a. Relays information to and from
brain (more on this later)
- Ascending and descending paths
in the spinal cord—dorsal and ventral root
- b. Spinal cord is also involved in
various reflexes without going through the brain, eg, stretch reflex
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Divisions of nervous system
- Central nervous system
– Brain – spinal cord
- Peripheral nervous system
– By location: 31 pairs of spinal nerves + 12 pairs of cranial nerves – By function: somatic (motor function) + autonomic (visceral function)
- Autonomic = Sympathetic +
parasympathetic
- Afferent/ efferent axon
– An axons directed toward the central nervous system conveying sensory information – An axon directly away from the central nervous system, conveying motor commands to muscles and glands.
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Difference of Somatic and autonomic nervous system
- Function: somatic receives sensory
information from the sensory organs and controls movements of the skeletal muscles, consciously controlled; autonomic regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands, self-governing.
- Structure: somatic involves only one
efferent neurons; autonomic involves two (preganglionic and postganglionic)
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Spinal Column
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Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve: a peripheral nerve attached directly to the brain The tenth, vagus nerve: the largest
- f the cranial nerves, conveying
efferent fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system to
- rgans of the thoracic and
abdominal cavities.
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Common Autonomic Anatomy
Preganglionic Fiber Postganglionic Fiber Neurtransmitter: Ach, Nicotinic, Excitatory
Spinal Cord Ganglion Target Organ
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Compare the Two Systems
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Compare the Two Systems
Differences:
- 1. Structure
- 2. Function