Change to syllabus: Bobby office hours: MW 10-11 Alcove near SE1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Change to syllabus: Bobby office hours: MW 10-11 Alcove near SE1 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Oct 22, 2022 346 likes •789 views

Change to syllabus: Bobby office hours: MW 10-11 Alcove near SE1 288 Parsimony Most parsimonious vs. Mammary glands Hair Wings Live birth Tetrapod body plan 7 evolutionary events 5 evolutionary events Okay, now put these animals and

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Change to syllabus: Bobby office hours: MW 10-11 Alcove near SE1 288

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Parsimony

7 evolutionary events Most parsimonious

Mammary glands Hair Live birth Wings Tetrapod body plan

vs.

5 evolutionary events

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Okay, now put these animals and characters on a PARSIMONIOUS cladogram

Bird Bear Shark Stegosaurus Deinonychus

Species Characters

Loss of Teeth Vertebral Column ‘Bird-Hip’/ Ornithischian condition Tetrapod body plan

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The Answer

Bird Bear Shark Stegosaurus Deinonychus Loss of Teeth Tetrapod body plan Vertebral Column ‘Bird-Hip’/ Ornithischian condition Amniota Vertebrata DINOSAURIA

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History of Life Part 1.

Diadectes Early Permian

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Life on Earth: united by RNA, DNA, amino acids, metabolic pathways 3.8 Ga

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Cambrian ‘Explosion’

  • ca. 520-510 Ma

Marrella Opabinia Wiwaxia Hallucinogenia Anomalocarids

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The Cambrian Sea

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Origin of Chordata 510 Ma

Pikaia

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Urochordata Cephalochordata Assorted jawless fish Most ‘fishes’ Most ‘amphibians’ Synapsids Anapsids Lizards Archaic archosaurs Crocodiles Pterosauria Dinosauria

Chordata

Bilateral symmetry Notochord

510 Ma Early Cambrian

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Urochordata Cephalochordata Assorted jawless fish Most ‘fishes’ Most ‘amphibians’ Synapsids Anapsids Archaic archosaurs Crocodiles Pterosauria Dinosauria

Chordata Vertebrata

mid-Cambrian

Lizards

VERTEBRAL COLUMN Notocord replaced by a series of segmented stiffer objects (vertebae), sandwiched between mobile joints

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Urochordata Cephalochordata Assorted jawless fish Most ‘fishes’ Most ‘amphibians’ Synapsids Anapsids Archaic archosaurs Crocodiles Pterosauria Dinosauria

Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata

Jaws 450 Ma Late Ordivician

Lizards

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A world with teeth

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Evolution of the Jaw

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Dunkleosteus Late Devonian (Just before the Carboniferous) Selective pressures? Apex predator Unhealed bite marks on some specimens Other Dunkleosteus

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Gnathostoma Bony fish (Osteichthyes) Lobe Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygyii) Tetrapoda

The Origin of Tetrapoda

Tiktaalik Late Devonian ‘Fishapod’ Dunkleosteus Modern Coelacanth

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Monotypic riverside stands Diverse arthropod communities

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On land, rhizomatous plants begin colonizing stream and lake banks

(Late Silurian)- accelerated in early Devonian

Lycopsids Asteroxylon

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Archaeopteris canopy (progymnosperm)

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What’s so interesting about the Devonian? Modern Ecosystems

Rare top predators Few meso-predators Many herbivores Abundant top predators Abundant meso-predators Rare herbivores Detritivores

Devonian Ecosystems

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Carboniferous 359-299 Ma

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The Carboniferous High temperatures High humidity High O2 Low CO2

Enourmous Lepidodendron forests Meganeura: 75 cm wingspan Pulmonoscopius [O2]atm = 35%

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Carboniferous swamps: Refugia for older plant forms Carboniferous drylands: Sites of evolutionary innovation i.e. seed-producing plants Pteridosperms

Open ‘Niches’

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Evolution of hard seeds suggests that herbivorous arthropods became a major selective factor on plants, even without a good fossil record of herbivorous arthropods (the first herbivorous vertebrate doesn’t show up until the early Permian: Diadectes)

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The Carboniferous: Tetrapod Expansion

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Urochordata Cephalochordata Assorted jawless fish Most ‘fishes’ Most ‘amphibians’ Synapsids Anapsids Lepidosaurs Archaic archosaurs Crocodiles Pterosauria Dinosauria

Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata

Four weight-bearing limbs Neck Loss of gills Lungs

Tetrapoda

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Early Anthracosaur Proterogyrinus Pholiderpeton

The Basal Tetrapods

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The Tetrapod Body Plan

Dorsal vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Pubis Ischium Ilium Sacrum Caudal vertebrae Gastrala Scapula Humerus Coracoid Astragalus Calcanium Learn this- in Fastovsky acetabulum

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Late Carboniferous (ca. 290 Ma)

Dominated by Anthracosaurs & Temnospondyl amphibians

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Gymnophiona (Caecilians) Urodela (Salamanders) Anura (Frogs/Toads)

Temnospondyli

Diplocaulus

Food for thought: Why the radiation? Anthracosauria: Sometimes used to refer to ‘reptile-like amphibians’ Diadectes: First herbivorous land vertebrate!

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Meet the Amniotes: The great terrestrial adaptation

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Urochordata Cephalochordata Assorted jawless fish Most ‘fishes’ Most ‘amphibians’ Synapsids Anapsids Lepidosaurs Archaic archosaurs Crocodiles Pterosauria Dinosauria

Chordata Vertebrata Gnathostomata Tetrapoda Amniota

Amniotic egg Thick skin Distinctive skulls

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The cleidoic egg: a private pond

Eggshell: Semipermeable Calcareous or leathery Albumen: Egg cytoplasm Amnion: Protection / Gas transfer Yolk Sac: Nutrient Pool Allantois: Waste Pool

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Amniotes Synapsida Diapsida Anapsida Eureptilia Lepidosauria Archosauria

First amniotes in record (!!)

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Meet the Amniotes

Upper temporal fenestra Lower temporal fenestra Single temporal fenestra No temporal fenestra fenestra = ‘window’