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ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM/TURKEY Mehmet Akif IRMAK, Sevgi YILMAZ, Emral MUTLU, Hasan

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ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM/TURKEY

Mehmet Akif IRMAK, Sevgi YILMAZ, Emral MUTLU, Hasan YILMAZ

Ataturk University, Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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Sevgi YILMAZ

  • Prof. Dr.

Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey sevgiy@atauni.edu.tr; syilmaz_68@hotmail.com

Mehmet Akif IRMAK

  • Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Ataturk Univ., Architecture and Design, Dept. of Landscape Architecture, 25240, Erzurum/ Turkey mairmak@atauni.edu.tr

OUR TEAM

Hasan YILMAZ

  • Prof. Dr.
  • Dept. of Landscape Architecture,

Architecture and Design Fac., Ataturk University Erzurum, TURKEY hyilmaz@atauni.edu.tr

Emral MUTLU

  • Res. Ass. Emral MUTLU
  • Dept. of Landscape Architecture, Architecture

and Design Fac., Ataturk University Erzurum, TURKEY emral.mutlu@atauni.edu.tr

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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Along with the increase in urban areas across the globe, studies in the field

  • f

climatic comfort improvement have also increased. In particular, efforts to reduce urban heat island have been great in number. Also, studies

  • n

providing thermal comfort in urban areas have garnered attention.

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ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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The aim of this study within its scope was to evaluate the effects of ➢ Green areas ➢ Seasonal wetlands ➢ City center

  • n microclimate and on the thermal comfort

in the spring and summer periods.

ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM

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ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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Urban green spaces contribute to the city's microclimate with wind control, shading, reflection, and transpiration while contributing to the balancing of temperature in winters as well.

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The effects

  • f

wetlands

  • n

urban microclimate are generally evapotranspiration and heat storage characteristics. Big bodies

  • f

water can slow down temperature changes by absorbing the excess heat, and wetlands, therefore, can control the climate around them.

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Urban areas has big effects on urban climate by producing extra heat with their built areas, paved surfaces, dense population, lack of green areas etc. Also, built environment in the city center absorb sunlight and keep them to long time and contribute urban heat island.

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ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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This study was conducted in the city

  • f Erzurum in the

northeastern part of

  • Turkey. Erzurum is the

city which has ‘humid continental climate’ according to the most widely used Köppen climate classification systems.

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The city has also severe winters, warm summers, and strong seasonality. The prevailing weather conditions of the area change through the year. ➢ The mean annual air temperature is 5.6 °C, ➢ Annual rainfall is measured as 400 mm, ➢ It rains a lot between April and June, ➢ Dry periods are observed as 100–150 days in January, February, August, September, and December. ➢ The warmest month of the area is August, with an average temperature of 27.1 °C.

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➢ Winter conditions are prevailing for 5 months (in November, December, January, February, and March) with minimum temperatures between; -4.1 °C / -14.2 °C

➢ The coldest month is measured as January with an average temperature of − 9.3 °C ➢ The prevalent wind direction is southwest with a mean annual speed of 2.7 m/s, and the annual sunshine duration is 2500 h ➢ The city is built at an altitude of 1900 m and has the population of about 500,000.

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As the development of winter tourism, the city sprawled toward the Palandoken Skiing Center adjacent to it. Both in the old part of the city, (which contains the historical texture) and in the new settlement areas, there is lack of water-based landscapes and massive green spaces.

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The city of Erzurum and case areas: Ata Botanical Park (Station 1), Seasonal Wetland (Station 2), Erzurum City Center (Station 3).

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May, 2016; images from the station's installation phase Green Area Seasonal Wetland City Center

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With the help of these weather stations, hourly measurements were taken in March and April (when the wetlands are active) and in the warmest months for the city, July and August. The data taken in 2017 consists of: ➢ hourly mean temperature (°C) ➢ hourly mean relative humidity (%) ➢ hourly mean wind (m/sec) ➢ hourly mean cloudiness

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PET (physiological equivalent temperature) values were calculated by using Rayman Software with the climate data obtained from these three meteorological stations. PET was introduced by Höppe and Mayer. PET is defined as the physiological equivalent temperature at any given place and is equivalent to the air temperature at which, in a typical indoor setting, the heat balance of the human body is maintained with core and skin temperatures equal to those under the conditions being assessed.

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PET are climate conditions under which

  • ne

adapts to the environment using minimal energy, feeling extremely healthy and dynamic. The PET index is an index derived from the human heat energy equation. That is why the PET index is an ideal tool to calculate the bioclimatic comfort

  • f

people in different climates.

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RayMan Pro Interface

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PET is a universal index for characterising the thermal bioclimate. Standart subject for PET;

  • 35 years old
  • Male
  • 175 cm height
  • 75 kg weight
  • Wear a jacket

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ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM

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PET (°C) Thermal perception Grade of physiological stress < 4 Very cold Extreme cold stress 4.1 – 8.0 Cold Strong cold stress 8.1 – 13.0 Cool Moderate cold stress 13.1 – 18.0 Slightly cool Slight cold stress 18.1 – 23.0 Comfortable No thermal stress 23.1 – 29.0 Slightly warm Slight heat stress 29.1 – 35.0 Warm Moderate heat stress 35.1 – 41.0 Hot Strong heat stress > 41.0 Very hot Extreme heat stress The thermal stress categories of the PET index (Matzarakis et al., 1999)

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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Ata Botanic Park, named Station 1 in the study which lies adjacent to the city center of Erzurum, was founded in 2006 and covers an area

  • f approximately 35

hectares.

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Green areas

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Green areas

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The Seasonal Wetland, named as Station 2. It is located in the northern part of the city center of

  • Erzurum. It is

approximately 14.000 hectares and being home to about 220 different types of bird. The area is filled completely with water in March and April. In summer, it becomes wet meadows.

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Seasonal Wetland

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Seasonal Wetland

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The city center of Erzurum (Station 3) is the third case study area. While it covered an area

  • f 10 km² in 1980s, it

sprawled in the following

  • period. Now, it nearly

covers an area of 36 km². The city center has highly dense historical buildings dating from The Seljuk and Ottoman periods.

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Adjacent buildings and narrow streets are the characteristics of physical environment in this area. They decrease the heat loss in hard and long winters.

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City Center

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AREAS March Mean Temperature (°C) April Mean Temperature (°C) July Mean Temperature (°C) August Mean Temperature (°C) Mean Temperature (°C) Dense Green Area

  • 0,2

5,8 20,2 20,2 11,5 Temporary Wetland Area 0,1 5,9 21,2 21,4 12,2 City Centre 1,2 6,7 23,1 23,6 13,7 Temperature Averages and Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July- August

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  • 5

5 10 15 20 25 March Mean Temperature (°C) April Mean Temperature (°C) July Mean Temperature (°C) August Mean Temperature (°C) Mean Temperature (°C) Dense Green Area Temporary Wetland Area City Centre Mean Temperature (°C)

Temperature Averages and Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July-August

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AREAS March Mean Relative Humidity (%) April Mean Relative Humidity (%) July Mean Relative Humidity (%) August Mean Relative Humidity (%) Mean Relative Humidity (%) Dense Green Area 77 66 52 49 61 Temporary Wetland Area 80 66 47 38 58 City Centre 71 60 39 33 51 Humidity Averages and Distributions From Workstations For March-April and July-August

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Humidity Level Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July-August

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 March Mean Relative Humidity (%) April Mean Relative Humidity (%) July Mean Relative Humidity (%) August Mean Relative Humidity (%) Mean Relative Humidity (%) Dense Green Area Temporary Wetland Area City Centre Mean Relative Humidity (%)

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Wind Averages and Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July-August AREAS March Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) April Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) July Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) August Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) Dense Green Area 0,3 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,35

Temporary Wetland Area 3,1 2,3 2,1 2,2 2,43 City Centre 0,4 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,53

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ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM

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Wind Level Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July-August

0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 March Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) April Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) July Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) August Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) Mean Wind Welocity (m/s) Dense Green Area Temporary Wetland Area City Centre Mean Wind Welocity (m/s)

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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Cloudiness Averages From Work Stations For March-April and July-August March Mean Cloudiness (Octas) April Mean Cloudiness (Octas) July Mean Cloudiness (Octas) August Mean Cloudiness (Octas) Mean Cloudiness 4,4 4,7 1,6 2,8

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

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PET (Physiologically Equivalent Temperature) Averages and Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July-August AREAS March Mean PET (°C) April Mean PET (°C) July Mean PET (°C) August Mean PET (°C) Mean PET (°C) Dense Green Area

  • 0,2

5,8 23,3 22,7 12,9 Temporary Wetland Area

  • 4,6

4,1 21,4 20,9 10,5 City Centre 0,4 6,5 24,7 25 14,2

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ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT URBAN SPACES ON THERMAL COMFORT IN COLD REGIONS: A CASE FROM ERZURUM

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PET (Physiologically Equivalent Temperature) Levels Distributions From Work Stations For March-April and July-August

  • 10
  • 5

5 10 15 20 25 30 March Mean PET (°C) April Mean PET (°C) July Mean PET (°C) August Mean PET (°C) Mean PET (°C) Dense Green Area Temporary Wetland Area City Centre Mean PET (°C)

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It can be seen that all three areas have extreme cold stress. This extreme conditions are dominant in March-April periods, while comfortable intervals are dominant in July and August periods. On the other hand, strong heat stress is felt intensely in summer period.

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0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 March April July August

Dense Green Area

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 March April July August

Temporary Wetland Area

39 PET Levels Chronological Distributions From Work Stations of Dense Green Area, Seasonal Wetland Area and City Centre For 2017, March-April and July- August 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 10 20 30 March April July August

City Centre

ICUC 10 10th International Conference on Urban Climate/14th Symposium on the Urban Environment

PET (°C) Thermal perception Grade of physiological stress < 4 Very cold Extreme cold stress 4.1 – 8.0 Cold Strong cold stress 8.1 – 13.0 Cool Moderate cold stress 13.1 – 18.0 Slightly cool Slight cold stress 18.1 – 23.0 Comfortable No thermal stress 23.1 – 29.0 Slightly warm Slight heat stress 29.1 – 35.0 Warm Moderate heat stress 35.1 – 41.0 Hot Strong heat stress > 41.0 Very hot Extreme heat stress

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After the measurements it has been found that the Dense Green Area has the lowest temperature values both in spring (2,8 °C) and summer period measurements (20,2°C). It has been observed that in green spaces humidity values reached the highest levels in the summer period measurements. But in spring time when the wetlands are active, it has been found that the humidity values of green areas are lower than wetland areas.

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When wind values are examined, it has been

  • bserved that the green spaces have lower

wind levels than the wetlands and the city center both in the spring (0,4 m/s) and in the summer (0,3 m/s). When the PET values are examined, the Dense Green Station, in which lower values are obtained in terms of temperature data, had 2,8°C value higher than that of Wetland Station and positive PET values.

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But, these values remained lower than those

  • f

the City Centre Station. Measurements made during the summer showed that the green station had PET values of 23.0°C , between the value of the Wetland Station (21.2°C) and of City Centre (24.9°C).

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In the light of all the data obtained during the study, it has been

  • bserved

that wetlands affect the PET values negatively in cold climate, but during hot summer periods, this turns into an advantage by affecting the PET values positively. The warmer urban areas, forming an urban heat island due to the solid surfaces they contain, affected the PET values positively in cold periods. However, this situation has changed in the hot summer period as negative and temperature may cause stress.

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As a result of this study, it is seen that the balancing and regulatory effect of green areas in especially hot periods are important. This effect is created by ecological activities such as shading, mirroring, humidity by

  • transpiration. All these activities yielded quite

positive results in summer periods. In addition to summer season, the green areas had positive effects PET values in cold season due to the low winds and the temperature kept on the surface of the trees.

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