Calf rearing for herd health Leonel Leal, PhD Team Lead Calf - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Calf rearing for herd health Leonel Leal, PhD Team Lead Calf - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 21, 2023 174 likes •475 views

Calf rearing for herd health Leonel Leal, PhD Team Lead Calf Research, Trouw Nutrition R&D Time to reset our assumptions BIG BOUKJE 192 18 years of age >200,000kg of milk 4.61% fat 3.85% protein 16,930 kg fat and protein more

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Calf rearing for herd health

Leonel Leal, PhD Team Lead Calf Research, Trouw Nutrition R&D

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Time to reset our assumptions…

BIG BOUKJE 192 18 years of age >200,000kg of milk 4.61% fat 3.85% protein 16,930 kg fat and protein

CRV, 2018

…more 63 cows reached >100,000 kg in the same farm…

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Metabolic programming

...a new perspective on evolution...

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Phenotype Genetics

Single-nucleotide polymorphism Mutation

Epigenetics

DNA methylation Histone modifications

Environment

Diet Housing Toxins

The metabolism can be programmed

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The metabolism can be programmed

Onset of puberty 4 Survival until 1st calving 6 Reduced age at 1st calving 1, 3 Increased milk production 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

1Bar-Peled et al. 1998; 2Drackley et al. 2007; 3Raeth-Knight et al. 2009; 4Davis-Rincker et al. 2011; 5Soberon et al. 2012; 6Van de Stroet et al. 2016

But how???

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It all starts with colostrum

... the liquid “gold”...

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IgG and calf survival...

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% < 800 800-1200 > 1200 Mortality IgG (mg/dl)

TN R&D, Leal et al., unpublished, 2017

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Bottle Tube

Colostrum feeding method…

Sharifi et al., 2009

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35 120 240 360 480 600 Concentration (mg/L) Time Relative to Colostrum Feeding (minutes)

Acetaminophen

Bottle Tube 5 10 15 20 25 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Mean IgG Conc. (mg/ml) Time Relative to Colostrum Feeding (minutes) Bottle Tube

IgG

Desjardins-Morrissette et al., 2018

Colostrum feeding method…

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5 10 15 20 25 30 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48

0 h 6 h 12 h

IgG mg/ml Hours after birth

Delayed colostrum feeding…

Fisher et al., 2018

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IgG mg/ml Hours after birth

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Second Meal First Meal

Milk 50%/50% Colostrum

Pletts et al., 2018

From colostrum to milk…

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Faber et al., 2005

Effect on lifetime performance…

2 L 4 L n 37 31 ADG, kg 0.80 1.03 * Age at conception, (months) 14.0 13.5 ns Survival through 2nd lact., (%) 75.7 87.1 * Milk yield through 2nd lact., (kg) 16,015 17,042 * 2 L colostrum 4 L colostrum

*P<0.05; ns P>0.1

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> 4 litres < 1 hour > 50 g IgG/L > 22% BRIX ~ 40 °C

Critical control points…

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Brix value IgG in g/l Colour colostrometer DM % in milk solution 30 96 31 29 90 30 28 85 28.9 27 79 27.8 26 73 26.7 25 68 25.6 24 62 24.5 23 56 23.4 22 50 22.3 21 45 21.2 20 39 20.1 19 33 19 18 28 18 17 22 17 16 16 16 15 11 15 14 5 13.9 13 12.8 12 11.7 11 10.6 10 9.5

Critical control points – BRIX

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Mother nature knows best

...nature feeding program...

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VS.

Hafez and Lineweaver, 1958

Calf nurses: Time per meal: Milk consumption: Milk intake DM: Feeding method: Weaning method: 1-3 times 1-3 min. 8%-10% BW as milk Around 0.45 kg Teat or Bucket Abrupt (6-8 wks) 6-8 times 5-10 min. 16%-24% BW as milk Up to 1.59 kg Teat Gradually (4-6 mths)

Mother nature feeding program…

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Flowers and Weary, 2002

What happens if you feed an Holstein calf mother nature feeding program?

Kept with cow = ad libitum Separated at d1 = 10% BW as milk

Calves gain weight more than 3 times faster 1.18 kg vs. 0.32 kg

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1) Thomas et al. 2001; 2) De Paula Vieira et al. 2008; 3) Borderas et al. 2009

First 2-3 weeks, calves fed conventionally are hungry!

. Increased vocalization

  • 31.4 vs. 5 calls per day for calves fed 5L vs. 8L of

milk daily (1) . More active (restless)

  • More unrewarded visits to the feeder (2, 3)
  • More competitive displacement of other calves from

feeder (2)

  • More time standing (1h greater for calves fed 10% of

BW than those fed ad libitum) (2)

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Abomasal capacity

Ellingsen et al., 2009

How much volume can calves drink before exceeding abomasal capacity?

  • n = 6, 21 days of age
  • Intake in one meal: > 6.8 L
  • Abomasum has great capacity for expansion
  • No leakage to rumen
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Preweaning ADG and lactation performance

Reference Δ preweaning ADG, kg/d Δ 1st lactation milk yield, L Extra milk per extra gain, L/g Foldager and Krohn, 1994 na +1405 na Morrisson et al., 2009 +0.16 Shamay et al., 2005 +0.29 +981 3.4 Bar-Peled et al., 1997 +0.29 +453 1.6 Foldager et al., 1997 +0.30 +519 1.7 Ballard et al., 2005 +0.29 +700 2.4 Davis-Rincker et al., 2011 +0.20 +416 2.1 Soberon et al., 2012 +0.38 +552 1.5 Moallem et al., 2010 +0.07 +732 10.5 Raeth-Knight et al., 2009 +0.23 +718 3.1 Drackley et al., 2007 I +0.23 +1332 5.8 Drackley et al., 2007 II +0.15 +342 2.3 Terré et al., 2009 +0.10 +624 6.2

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LifeStart

...closer to nature...

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Enhanced milk supply and organ development

RESTRICTED: 0.6 kg/d MR ENHANCED: 1.3 kg/d MR Restricted (n=6) Enhanced (n=6) P value Birth weight, kg 39.2 39.7 0.90 Weight at 54d, kg 61.0 83.2 < 0.01 MJ above maintenance, MJ 3.7 15.7 < 0.01

Soberon and Van Amburgh, 2017

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Enhanced milk supply and organ development

Restricted (n=6) Enhanced (n=6) P value Pancreas, g 32.90 29.47 0.61 Pancreas, % of BW 0.06 0.04 0.11 Liver, kg 1.35 2.35 < 0.01 Liver, % of BW 2.23 2.84 < 0.01 Mammary gland, g 75.48 337.58 < 0.01 Parenchyma, g 1.10 6.48 < 0.01 Parenchyma, % of BW 0.002 0.008 < 0.01 RESTRICTED: 0.6 kg/d MR ENHANCED: 1.3 kg/d MR

Soberon and Van Amburgh, 2017

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Change in gene expression profiles

Changed (P<0.01) Mammary 654 Fat 1045 Liver 176 Bone marrow 435 Muscle 651 Pancreas 103

TN R&D, Leal et al. 2018; Hare et al. 2019

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Take home messages (1/2)

. Adequate colostrum intake affects health, growth, and future production . Accelerated or intensified milk feeding programs increase pre-weaning growth rates, without fattening (calves <12 weeks don’t get fat) . Largest growth advantages depend on adequate colostrum intake and low-stress environments . Starter and post-weaning nutrition must complement to maintain advantages

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. Evidence suggest that a greater plane of nutrition during early life leads to increased milk production . If heifers are bred by weight (not age), age at first calving can be decreased (22-23 months)

Take home messages (2/2)

  • 1. Double birth weight by 56 days of age (minimum)

40kg birth weight ----- 80 kg Bw at 56 days

  • 2. Calf mortality < 5%
  • 3. Calf morbidity (treatments) less than 10%
  • 4. Reduce age at first calving 1-2 months
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Thank you for the attention

Acknowledgements

Wageningen University Cornell University University of Guelph University of Alberta Email: leonel.leal@trouwnutrition.com