Building Chips Chips are made of silicon Aka sand The most - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Mar 07, 2024 175 likes •345 views

Building Chips Chips are made of silicon Aka sand The most adundant element in the earths crust. Extremely pure (<1 part per billion) This is the purest stuff people make Building Chips Silicon wafers

SLIDE 1

Building Chips

Chips are made of silicon

– Aka “sand” – The most adundant element in the earth’s crust. – Extremely pure (<1 part per billion) – This is the purest stuff people make

SLIDE 2

Building Chips

Silicon wafers

SLIDE 3

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer

SLIDE 4

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

SLIDE 5

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

SLIDE 6

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

SLIDE 7

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

SLIDE 8

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

Silicon Wafer

Etch SiO2

SLIDE 9

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

Silicon Wafer

Etch SiO2

Silicon Wafer Met

Deposit metal

SLIDE 10

Building Chips

Photolithography

– To Build a Wire (abridged and simplified) Silicon Wafer Silicon Wafer SiO2

Grow silicon dioxide

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist

Apply photo resist

Silicon Wafer SiO2 Resist Mask Mask

Expose to UV

Silicon Wafer SiO2

Patterned resist

Silicon Wafer

Etch SiO2

Silicon Wafer Met

Deposit metal

Silicon Wafer Met

Etch SiO2 (Or not)

SLIDE 11

From Transistors to Processors

How do we use transistors and wires to compute?

– Data representation

What physical quantity should represent a 1 or a 0?
In an electrical system, voltage and current are likely suspects

(electron spin, optical polarization, or volumes of water are also possible). – Computation

What do we need to do computation?
Transistors are effectively voltage-controlled switches.
Can we perform arbitrary computations with transistors?
A system of arranging components (e.g. transistors and

wires) to perform arbitrary logical operations is a “logic family”

– CMOS, Domino logic, current-mode logic, etc.

SLIDE 12

CMOS Logic

Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

– Logic family (an abstraction!)

PMOS NMOS metal

xide

semiconductor Gate V Current Gate V Current

SLIDE 13

CMOS Logic

Complimentary MOS

1.8V -- Logic One 0V -- Logic Zero A = 1 Q = 1 A = 0 1 Q = 0 1

SLIDE 14

CMOS Logic

Pull-up network Pull-down network

Complimentary MOS

1.8V -- Logic One 0V -- Logic Zero A = 1 Q = 1 A = 0 1 Q = 0 1

SLIDE 15

CMOS Logic

SLIDE 16