BSHH 314 - Unit 1 Energy Balance Equation BSHH 314 - Energy - - PDF document

▶
bshh 314 unit 1 energy balance equation
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

BSHH 314 - Unit 1 Energy Balance Equation BSHH 314 - Energy - - PDF document

Nov 08, 2023 314 likes •497 views

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism BSHH 314 - Unit 1 Energy Balance Equation BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism Counting Calories Diets and counting calories o World Health Organization o USDA o Department of Health and Human Services o Institutes

slide-1
SLIDE 1

1

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

BSHH 314 - Unit 1 Energy Balance Equation

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Counting Calories

  • Diets and counting calories
  • World Health Organization
  • USDA
  • Department of Health and Human Services
  • Institutes of Health
  • CDC
  • First law of thermodynamics
  • Conservation of energy
  • What comes in = what’s used + what leaves
slide-2
SLIDE 2

2

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Counting Calories (continued)

  • Allegedly an insight into the plague of obesity
  • In fact, almost completely unhelpful in its simple form
  • In this course, the simple form is unpacked

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Balance Equation

  • Calories in = calories out
  • What’s a calorie?
  • A measure of energy
  • 1 calorie

Raises the temperature of 1 gram of water By 1° C (one degree Celsius)

  • 1 kilocalorie (1 kcal) = 1000 calories

1 kilogram of water by 1° C

  • Confusingly, calorie counts are in kcals
  • An alternative system uses joules as the measure of energy
slide-3
SLIDE 3

3

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Calories in = Calories out

  • What’s measured is potential chemical energy
  • The potential that a chemical has to release energy
  • The potential chemical energy of the food coming in
  • Is a promise to body that it can turn

Food chemicals Into biochemicals The body can turn into actual energy

  • “Calories in” measures fuel value of food
  • “Calories out” measures the fuel value of biochemicals from food
  • Fuel in = fuel used

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In = Fuel Used

  • What’s “in” and what’s “out”
  • “In” is what the body takes in
  • “Out” is what the body uses
  • “Out” includes potential energy that remains fuel
  • “Out” is also what leaves the energy cycle

For other purposes in the body Or is removed as waste

  • Fuel in = Energy consumed + Fuel stored + Non-fuel use + Waste
slide-4
SLIDE 4

4

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Example, Fuel In = Fuel Used

  • Fuel in = Energy consumed + Fuel stored + Fuel converted + Waste
  • Fuel in: a bowl of chicken noodle soup
  • Chicken: protein and fat
  • Noodles: carbohydrates
  • Fuel used
  • Energy consumed: heart beat
  • Fuel stored: body fat
  • Fuel converted: enzymes
  • Waste: excreted in urine

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In = Fuel Used

  • What does “=“ represent?
  • Digestion
  • From outside the body
  • To inside the body
  • Unit 2 - Food to Fuel
slide-5
SLIDE 5

5

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In

  • Food
  • Macronutrients
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Fats
  • Other caloric constituents
  • Alcohol
  • Polyols

Artificial sweeteners such as mannitol and sorbitol

  • Fiber
  • Organic acids

Such as acetic acid (vinegar) and lactic acid (milk)

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Potential energy in food (counting calories)
  • Macronutrients
  • Carbohydrates = 4 calories per gram
  • Protein = 4 calories per gram
  • Fat = 9 calories per gram
  • An example, chicken noodle soup
  • Carbohydrate: 17.3g x 4 cal/g = 69.2 calories
  • Protein: 7.4g x 4 cal/g = 29.6 calories
  • Fat: 5.6g x 9 cal/g = 50.4 calories
  • Total: 149.2 calories
slide-6
SLIDE 6

6

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Adjustments to energy value of food
  • Digestive waste
  • Food preparation
  • Micronutrients deficiencies
  • Energy used to convert food to fuel
  • Timing of eating
  • Manipulation of eating
  • Fuel in = Food energy ± Food preparation - Waste - Energy use
  • Deficiencies ± Timing ± Manipulation

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Digestive waste
  • State of digestion

For example, gall bladder and fat digestion

  • Reaction of digestive system

For example, allergic reaction to protein impairs digestion

  • Food preparation
  • For example, cooking

Predigests food Denature proteins (allergens)

slide-7
SLIDE 7

7

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Energy used to convert food to fuel
  • Digestion breaks down molecules
  • From least to most energy required

Fat  lipids (fatty acids) Carbohydrates  glucose and other sugars Protein  amino acids

  • The body uses energy to

Convert macronutrient to constituent Transport constituent into blood stream

  • Conventionally accounted for as fuel used
  • Should be deducted from the caloric value of the food

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Micronutrient deficiencies
  • Nutrient rich food versus empty calories
  • Micronutrients for digestion, assimilation, and use
  • For example, B vitamins essential for energy metabolism
slide-8
SLIDE 8

8

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Timing of eating
  • Circadian rhythms
  • Body uses fuel differently through day, month, year
  • Affects

Appetite Digestion Energy metabolism

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel In (continued)

  • Manipulation of eating
  • Eating for more than hunger

For example, comfort foods

  • Food manufactured to promoted “conditioned hypereating”

The End of Overeating by David Kessler

  • Social significance of food and eating

For example, ritual fasting

slide-9
SLIDE 9

9

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel Used

  • Fuels have entered the blood stream
  • Glucose (blood sugar)
  • Amino acids
  • Lipids (fatty acids)
  • Taken immediately to liver
  • Then to location of need
  • Unit 3 - Fuel to Energy: Conversion Processes

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel Used (continued)

  • Regulated by hormones
  • Insulin
  • Stress hormones (adrenal glands)

Adrenaline Cortisol

  • Thyroid
  • Unit 4 - Fuel to Energy: Hormonal Regulation
slide-10
SLIDE 10

10

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel Used (continued)

  • What happens to the three fuels
  • Fuel in = Energy consumed + Fuel stored + Non-fuel use + Waste
  • Energy consumed

Converted to energy used by cells Unit 5 - Fuel to Energy: Cell Metabolism

  • Fuel stored

Converted to a stored potential chemical energy Unit 3 - Fuel to Energy: Conversion Processes

  • Non-fuel use

Converted or used directly for purposes other than energy Unit 3 - Fuel to Energy: Conversion Processes

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel Used (continued)

  • Fuel in = Energy consumed + Fuel stored + Non-fuel use + Waste

(continued)

  • Waste

Converted or eliminated as not usable by the body Unit 3 - Fuel to Energy: Conversion Processes

slide-11
SLIDE 11

11

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed

  • Convert fuel to energy by cells
  • Three processes

Resting metabolism Work Non-exercise activity

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed (continued)

  • Resting metabolism
  • Also basal metabolism

RMR or BMR

  • Energy consumed for basic metabolic functions such as

Breathing and heartbeat Body temperature Cellular processes Thinking

  • Unit 7 - Resting Metabolism
slide-12
SLIDE 12

12

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed (continued)

  • Resting metabolism (continued)
  • What affects energy consumed by resting metabolism

Fitness of skeletal muscle Cardiorespiratory fitness Age Stress Thyroid function Infection and inflammation Sex hormone imbalance

  • Environmental conditions that affect fitness, aging, stress,

thyroid, immunity, and sex hormones

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed (continued)

  • Work
  • Also exercise, physical activity, or thermic effect of activity
  • Energy consumed by skeletal muscle to do things such as

Walk, run, climb Lift weights Gardening

  • Unit 6 - Physical Activity and Exercise
slide-13
SLIDE 13

13

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed (continued)

  • Work (continued)
  • What affects energy consumed by skeletal muscle

Fitness of skeletal muscle Cardiorespiratory fitness Stress Age Infection and inflammation Sex hormone imbalance

  • Environmental conditions that affect fitness, aging, stress,

immunity, and sex hormones

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed (continued)

  • Non-exercise activity
  • Also spontaneous physical activity
  • Energy consumed by skeletal muscle for involuntary actions

such as Shivering Fidgeting Startle response

  • Unit 7 - Resting Metabolism
slide-14
SLIDE 14

14

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Energy Consumed (continued)

  • Non-exercise activity (continued)
  • What affects energy consumed by non-exercise activity

Fitness of skeletal muscle Cardiorespiratory fitness Age Stress Thyroid function Infection and inflammation Sex hormone imbalance

  • Environmental conditions that affect fitness, aging, stress,

thyroid, immunity, and sex hormones

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel Stored

  • Stored in two basic forms
  • Glycogen is stored glucose
  • Adipose tissue (body fat) is stored fatty acids
  • Most glucose converted to lipids (fatty acids) and stored as

body fat

  • 80% to 90% of fuel is stored
  • Unit 3 - Fuel to Energy: Conversion Process
slide-15
SLIDE 15

15

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Fuel Stored (continued)

  • What affects fuel storage
  • Energy demands

Resting metabolism Work Non-exercise activity

  • Hypothalamus

Metabolic set point Affects – Thyroid – Stress hormones – Appetite and nervous system – Digestive hormones

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Non-fuel Use

  • Amino acids  proteins
  • Enzymes
  • Muscle
  • Cell membranes
  • Glucose
  • Stress hormones
  • Collagen
  • Lipids
  • Cell membranes
  • Hormones
  • Breast milk
slide-16
SLIDE 16

16

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Non-fuel Use (continued)

  • What affects conversion of fuels to non-fuel use
  • State of the body

Growth: building tissue (anabolic) Breaking down tissue (catabolic)

  • Energy demands

Resting metabolism Work Non-exercise activity

  • Fuel storage (set point)

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Waste

  • The body does not need the fuel
  • Metabolic set up
  • Fuel excreted as potential chemical energy
  • Fuel burned as waste heat
  • Unit 7 - Resting Metabolism
slide-17
SLIDE 17

17

BSHH 314 - Energy Metabolism

Disruptions

  • Weight gain as symptom of metabolic disruption
  • Unit 8 - Metabolic Disruption: Illness, Unit 9 - Metabolic

Disruptors, Unit 10 - Metabolic Support

  • Disruption to each element in the equation

Resting metabolism Exercise Non-exercise physical activity Fuel stored Non-fuel use Waste Food energy Digestive waste Food preparation Energy to convert food to fuel Empty calories Timing of eating Manipulation of eating Fuel Out Fuel In