Bo R. Larsen PM pollution in the Po Plain can be observed from space - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Bo R. Larsen

Reducing Air Pollution in the Lombardy Region: Sources for Fine Particles and Ozone

PM pollution in the Po Plain can be observed from space !

Satellite photo, January 5th 2000

• Why investigate sources for air

pollution in Lombardy?

• How did we estimate contributions from

the most significant sources

• What results did we obtain?

Publically available reports to the Lombardy region under the Contract for the Collaborative Research Project for Air Pollution Reduction in Lombardy, Italy (2006-2010).

Work package 1: Identification of air pollution origin and source apportionment.’

April 2007: Ad hoc campaigns 2006 on VOC and PM10. B. R. Larsen, 147 pp; October 2007: Regional, long-term ambient air PM10 sampling in ten cities of the Lombardy Region, (winter 2006-2007). B. R. Larsen, 51 pp;

• April. 2008: Intensive PM10 and PM2.5 campaigns in four cities of the Lombardy Region (winter

2007-2008) B. R. Larsen, 38 pp;;

• October. 2008: Source apportionment of PM10 in ten cities of the Lombardy Region, winter

(2006-2007) B. R. Larsen, 90 pp;

• April. 2009: Source apportionment of ozone precursor NMHCs. B. R. Larsen, 47 pp;
• October. 2009: Health implications of the particulate matter pollution in the Lombardy Region

and potential benefits from abatement strategies. B. R. Larsen, 114 pp;

• April. 2010: Progress report on source apportionment based on the collected source profiles and

the regional, long-term ambient air PM2.5 / PM10 sampling of winter (2008-2009) campaign. B. R. Larsen, 22 pp;

• October. 2010: Final report with general conclusions on source apportionment of PM10, PM2.5,

and ozone precursor NMHCs including the completion of the 2nd report on source apportionment based on the collected source profiles and the regional, long-term ambient air PM2.5 / PM10 sampling campaign of winter (2008-2009). B. R. Larsen, 87 pp;

Results published in the international scientific literature

Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: I. Critical comparison of methods for estimating biomass burning contributions to benzo(a)pyrene. C.A. Belis, J. Cancelinha, M. Duane, V. Forcina, V. Pedroni, R. Passarella, G. Tanet, K. Douglas, A. Piazzalunga, E. Bolzacchini, G. Sangiorgi, M.-G. Perrone, L. Ferrero, P. Fermo, B.R. Larsen Atmospheric Environment Volume 45 (2011), 7266-7275. Better constraints on sources of carbonaceous aerosols using a combined 14C – macro tracer analysis in a European rural background site. S. Gilardoni, E. Vignati, F. Cavalli, J.P. Putaud, B.R. Larsen, M. Karl, K. Stenstrom, J. Genberg, S. Henne, and F. Dentener. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 11, (2011) 2503-2547. Sources for PM air pollution in the Po Plain, Italy: II. Probabilistic uncertainty characterization and sensitivity analysis of secondary and primary sources. B. R. Larsen, S. Gilardoni, K. Stenström, J. Niedzialek, J. Jimenez, C. A. Belis. Atmospheric Environment 50 (2012) 203-213 Meta-analysis of ambient particulate matter source apportionment using receptor models in Europe. C. A. Belis, F. Karagulian, B.R. Larsen & P. K. Hopke. Atmospheric Environment (2012 in print) Determination of Local Source Profile for Soil Dust, Brake Dust and Biomass Burning Sources Colombi C, Gianelle V, Belis C, Larsen B.R. Chemical Engeneering Transactions 22 (2010) 233-238. Chemical Characterization and Environmental Impact of Exhaust from Dual Fuel (Liquefied Petroleum Gas / Gasoline) Light Duty Vehicles. T. Adam, C. Astorga, M. Clairotte, M. Duane, M. Elsasser, A. Krasenbrink, B. R. Larsen, U. Manfredi, G. Martini, L. Montero, M. Sklorz, R. Zimmermann, A. Perujo. Atmospheric Environment. 45 (2011) 2842-2848. Hydrocarbon Emission Fingerprints from Contemporary Vehicle/Engine Technologies with Conventional and new Fuels. Larisse Montero, Matthew Duane, Urbano Manfredi, Covadonga Astorga, M. Carriero; Giorgio Martini, Alois Krasenbrink And Bo R. Larsen. Atmospheric Environment, Volume 44 (2010) 2167- 2175. Chemical characterization of emissions from modern two-stroke mopeds complying with legislative regulation in Europe (EURO-2). T. Adam, A. Farfaletti, L. Montero, G. Martini, U. Manfredi, B. R. Larsen,

• G. De Santi, A. Krasenbrink and C. Astorga. Environ. Sci. Techn. 44 (2010) 505-512.

Grazie !

JRC:

• V. Forcina, J. Cancelinha,
• J. Mønster, K. Douglas,
• M. Duane, V. Pedroni,
• R. Passarella, G. Tanet,
• J. Niedzialek, J. Jimenez,
• C. Belis

ARPA Scientists:

• C. Colombi, V. Gianelle

Milan Universities:

• E. Bolzacchini and staff,
• P. Fermo and staff

World Health Organization (2011):

• Air pollution increases the risk of

respiratory and heart disease in the population.

• Both short and long term exposure to

air pollutants have been associated to health impacts.

• More severe impacts affect people

who are already ill. Children, the elderly and poor people are more susceptible

WHO (2011): What are the critical air pollutants today ?

• There are significant health risks

from population exposure to particulate matter (PM) and Ozone in many cities of developed and developing countries alike.

• Other pollutants can be significant

at hotpots (NO2, CO, …..)

Across the EU, PM10 pollution causes approximately 375000 premature deaths per year EEA Technical report No 1/2009

European Environment Agency:

The EU, average life expectancy is 8.6 months lower due to exposure to PM2.5 produced by human activities.

WHO (2011):

PM Limits set to protect public health

PM10 EU WHO guide USA 
annual mean 40 20 -- 24-h mean 50 50 150
 35 times/y -- 1 time/y PM2.5 (target)
annual mean 25 10 15

Units: μg/m3

The black spots on the PM10 map of Europe (2009) EEA Data

The black spots on the PM2.5 map of Europe (2008) EEA Data

State of the Lombardy air pollution 2011

ARPA Data

Why is it important to better understand

sources for air pollution in Lombardy?

• Air pollution is known to pose severe

health problems

• The Po Plain is one of Europe’s most

polluted areas (PM, Ozone, NOX)

• Limits set to protect the population

are significantly exceeded

How did we estimate

contributions from the most significant sources?

Sampling of PM from sources and ambient air

Chemical fingerprint analysis

Metals, minerals, polyaromatics, OC/EC,…. Receptor modelling

• Multvariate statistics

(CMB, PMF, ME2, COPREM, UNMIX, PCA, …

• Back trajectories, wind roses, ……

m j ij ij n i

s e Q

1 2 2 1 m j ij ij n i

s e Q

1 2 2 1

t k i n n ij

e

] [

3 1

Sannazzaro

More than1500 filters were collected and analyzed chemically during 2006-2010

Ten PM sampling sites in the Lombardy, Focus on winter PM10 in 2007 and PM2.5 in 2009

State-of-the art PM samplers EU reference method

PM10 in Regione Lombardia during February 2007

50 100 150 200 250 2 / 2 2 / 4 2 / 6 2 / 8 2 / 1 2 / 1 2 2 / 1 4 2 / 1 6 2 / 1 8 2 / 2 2 / 2 2 2 / 2 4 2 / 2 6 2 / 2 8 3 / 2 3 / 4 3 / 6 3 / 8 3 / 1 3 / 1 2 3 / 1 4 3 / 1 6

PM10 (ug/m3)

Bergamo V. Meucci Brescia Villagio Sereno Mantova S.Agnese Milano Parcho Giuriati Milano Viale Marche Pavia Sannazzaro de' Burgondi Saronno V. Santuario Cantu V. Meucci Sondrio V. Merizzi Lodi Abbadia Cerreto

JRC laboratory: Vehicle emissions

JRC laboratory: Home heating emissions

Colombi et al., PM2008, Bari, 06-08 Ottobre 2008

Field sampling by ARPA: Woodburning

Hard wood Soft wood PELLET

Colombi et al., PM2008, Bari, 06-08 Ottobre 2008

Field sampling by ARPA: Biomass burning

Branches Leaves

Colombi et al., PM2008, Bari, 06-08 Ottobre 2008

ARPA: road dust

Multi species analysis of PM

• Elementary carbon (EC/OC) and ionic

species (SO4 --, NO3-, Cl-, Br-, NH4+) Thermogravemitry, LC

• Mineral trace components (Al, Ca, Na,

K, Fe, Mg, Pb, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ti, P, Mn, Cr, Sr, Ni, V, ………) ICP-MS

• Levoglucosan HPLC-MS
• High MW PAH GC-MS

Analysis of PM filters : JRC, Uni of Milan & Biccoca