Biopow er: Technology Biopow er: Technology and Policy Challenges - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
biopow er technology biopow er technology and policy
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Biopow er: Technology Biopow er: Technology and Policy Challenges - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jul 10, 2023 318 likes •731 views

Biopow er: Technology Biopow er: Technology and Policy Challenges and Policy Challenges NYSERDA EMEP November 2007 Edward Gray, P.E., Antares Group, www.antares.org Outline Biomass Resource What qualifies as Biomass? How large

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Biopow er: Technology Biopow er: Technology and Policy Challenges and Policy Challenges

NYSERDA EMEP November 2007 Edward Gray, P.E., Antares Group, www.antares.org

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Outline

  • Biomass Resource

– What qualifies as Biomass? – How large is the Biomass Resource (U.S. and NY)? – What constitutes sustainable biomass production? – Under what conditions is biomass power production carbon neutral?

  • Biopower Emissions Beyond CO2
  • Biopower Development Challenges and Policy

Issues

slide-3
SLIDE 3

What Qualifies as Biomass?

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Biomass Pow er Resources

FEEDSTOCKS

  • Forest Resources

– Unused logging slash – Primary mill residues – Forest fuels treatment biomass

  • Timberland
  • Other forest land
  • Agricultural Resources

– Crop Residues – Manure Solids & Biogas – Energy Crops

  • Urban Resources

– Biomass recovered from solid wastes – Biosolids – Landfill gas – Biogas from waste-water treatment plants

POWER TECHNOLOGIES

  • Direct Fired/Steam Turbine
  • Biomass Cofired in Fossil Fuel

Power Plants

  • Gasifier/IC Engine
  • Gasifier/Combined Cycle
  • Gasifier/Gas turbine
  • Biogas IC Engines and

Microturbines

  • Biogas Fuel Cells
slide-5
SLIDE 5

Feedstock Production Feedstock Production

Food, Fiber, Chemicals, Wood Products, Plastics Food, Fiber, Chemicals, Wood Products, Plastics Round Wood, Pulp Chips Grains & Cereals Forests and Woodlots Farmland Products Biomass Energy Feedstocks Biomass Energy Feedstocks Residuals B i

  • m

a s s W a s t e Whole Tree Chips, Energy Crops Crop & Wood Harvest Residuals Forest Management Treatments Animal manures Industry Municipalities

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Annual Biomass Annual Biomass Production Potential Production Potential

368 Million Tons wood biomass, 998 MMT Ag biomass

(Wood Portion Mapped DOE/USDA Billion Ton Report-2005)

1.2 Billion tons coal produced in 2006 (EIA)

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Agricultural & Wood Agricultural & Wood Residues - Residues - US US

slide-8
SLIDE 8

New York Biomass Pow er

Year 2005 2012

MW (capacity) 400 860 Source Platts NYSERDA 2003

New York Biomass Power Plants > 5,000 GWh annually in 2012

  • Biomass Production Area to generate power

projected for 2012 is about 1,200 sq. miles

  • Total NY land area 47,214 sq. miles

– 29,000 sq. miles of forested area – 11,700 sq. miles are used by the 35,000 farms

Platt's North America Power Plant Database, October 2005, http://www.platts.com Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Resource Development Potential in New York State, Vol. 1, prepared for NYSERDA, 2003. USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, New York Field Office

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Sustainable Bioenergy Production

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Criteria for Sustainability

  • Netherlands Energy Transition Task Force “Criteria for

sustainable biomass production, Final report of the Sustainable Production of Biomass Project Group” July 14th 2006

  • Criteria and indicators have been developed in 6

categories

– Greenhouse gas balance – Competition with food production, local energy supply, medicines and building materials – Biodiversity – Economic prosperity – Social well-being – Environment

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Sustainable Bioenergy Production to Use

  • Feedstock production, harvest & transport

– Assuring biological replenishment – Maintaining ecosystem health – Managing inputs (fertilizer, water) – Efficient transport

  • Energy conversion

– Higher efficiency reduces feedstock demand – New technologies aid removal of contaminants

  • End uses

– Higher efficiency end use reduces energy demand and environmental impacts

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Feedstock production and harvest

  • Energy Crops

– Best management practices apply

  • Forest Harvests

– Forest and Harvest management certifications (SFI, FSC & Tree Farm) – State and Federal regulations apply

  • Forest Products and Agricultural Process Residues

– Contaminants from processing must be addressed – Raw material sources will be an issue

  • Urban and Industrial Wastes

– Complex mix of biomass materials – Stream separation and pretreatment are key

slide-13
SLIDE 13

US Carbon Emissions

U.S. Historical Energy-Related CO2 Emissions

Source: Program on Technology Innovation: An Assessment of the Future Potential for Biomass Electricity Generation in a Carbon-Constrained World. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1014828.

Key Questions: To what extent will electricity provide transport services? To which sector will biomass resources be directed?

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Biomass Role in Pow er and Carbon Balance

  • US Biomass Power Generation was 61.8 MWh

in 2005 (about 1.5% of total electricity produced)

– Global potential for more than 10,000 million MWH – Biomass is dominant renewable resource in US on energy consumption basis (Heat, Power and Fuel)

  • Among renewable energy technologies for

electricity production, biomass is the carbon neutral, dispatchable, baseload electric generation option.

Source: Program on Technology Innovation: An Assessment of the Future Potential for Biomass Electricity Generation in a Carbon-Constrained World. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1014828.

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Biomass Pow er - Carbon Cycle

Source: Program on Technology Innovation: An Assessment of the Future Potential for Biomass Electricity Generation in a Carbon-Constrained World. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1014828.

Net Zero Carbon applies to the GROWTH and CONVERSION portion of biomass energy

  • additional

process steps can tip the balance either way.

slide-16
SLIDE 16

GHG Emissions by Technology

  • 2.0
  • 1.0

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0

Coal-fired Natural Gas CC Biomass IGCC Carbon Eqv. Emissions (lb/kWh)

Carbon Emission: No LCA Carbon Emissons: LCA Carbon Emission: LCA w/CCS Based on Data from: Program on Technology Innovation: An Assessment of the Future Potential for Biomass Electricity Generation in a Carbon-Constrained World. EPRI, Palo Alto, CA: 2007. 1014828.

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Potential CCS Impact

Steven J. Smith, Antoinette Brenkert, Jae Edmonds, Biomass with Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), GTSP Presentation, May 23, 2006. The MiniCAM is a long- term, partial-equilibrium model of the energy, agriculture, and climate system.

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Other Emissions from Biomass Pow er

slide-19
SLIDE 19

EGrid – NOx Emissions Data

BioPower NOx Emissions

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 3,600 4,000

Heat Input (thousand MMBtu/yr) NOx Emissions (lb/MMBtu)

ME:1986 FL:1990 CA:1985 ME:1987 ME:1988 ME:1993 NY:1993 NY:1992

NSPS Limit PSD Limit

slide-20
SLIDE 20

EGrid – SO2 Emissions Data

BioPower SO2 Emissions

0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 400 800 1,200 1,600 2,000 2,400 2,800 3,200 3,600 4,000

Heat Input (thousand MMBtu/yr) SO2 Emissions (lb/MMBtu)

ME:1986 FL:1990 CA:1985 ME:1987 ME:1988 ME:1993 NY:1993 NY:1992

NSPS Limit 0.15 lb/MMBtu

PSD Limit

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Mercury Concentration

Natural mercury levels in plants range from 0.001 to 0.1 ppm (dry weight).

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unified Air Toxics Program: Electric Utility Steam Generating Units Hazardous Air Pollutant Emission Study, 2000 Mercury Releases from Deforestation, University of British Columbia Department of and Mineral Process Mining Engineering

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Biomass Pow er Development

Benefits and Challenges

slide-23
SLIDE 23

US Biomass Pow er Plants - 2007

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Solid Fuel Firing Solid Fuel Firing Reforming & Hydrotreating Reforming & Hydrotreating Fermentation Fermentation Fuels Power Heat Esterification Esterification Gasification, Pyrolysis & Digestion & Decomposition Gasification, Pyrolysis & Digestion & Decomposition Hydrolysis & Steam Treatment Hydrolysis & Steam Treatment 32 18 21 28 Residential Services Commercial Services Industrial Utilities Transportation

Biomass Feedstocks

Economic Sectors (Primary Quads - 2006)

EIA 2007

Biomass currently provides 2.8 Quads (H&P 2.5, Fuels 0.3)

Conversion and Delivery

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Conversion Options – Solid Fuel Firing/Cofiring

Ottumwa, IA Shasta, CA Schiller, NH

slide-26
SLIDE 26

Conversion Options - Gasification and BIGCC

Amer-9 NL 39 MWe of 650 MWe total Nuon Power, NL ~25 MW of 250MW total USC Cogen 1.38 MW + 60 klbs/hr

slide-27
SLIDE 27

Pow er Plant Efficiency

Net Output (MWe) Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) Source Biomass direct-fired (stoker) 50 14,840

Renewable Energy Technology Characterizations, EPRI 1997

Coal – PC sub-critical 500 9,500 – 10,300 (1)

EPA Presentation 2006

Coal IGCC 500 8,170 – 8,700 (1)

EPA Presentation 2006

Biomass IGCC 50 9,000

Antares in-house resources (WGA report)

NGCC 400 7,500

EPRI 2000

1). Depends on coal type. Bituminous has lowest heat rate, lignite has the highest.

slide-28
SLIDE 28

Conversion Efficiency – Biomass Plants

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Plant Scale (MWe) Net Heat Rate (Btu/kWh)

IGCC Heat Rate Cogen Heat Rate Gen Sets Heat Rate EPI Gen Sets Heat Rate

Engine Gensets IGCC

slide-29
SLIDE 29

Gasification Technology

  • Gasification is a thermal process to convert a solid fuel

into a gaseous fuel

  • Biomass gasification includes pyrolysis, gasification

and some limited combustion

  • Gasification products may be burned to provide heat

directly or indirectly to drive the gasification reactions.

  • Gaseous fuel can be used in boilers, process heaters,

turbines and engines and fuel cells. High conversion efficiencies are possible.

1000oF 1800oF PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION 1000oF 1800oF PYROLYSIS GASIFICATION

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Challenges for Gasification

  • 1. High moisture content of un-dried biomass
  • 2. Commercial availability of gas clean-up

technologies that are sufficiently robust and effective to allow use in a turbine or engine

  • 3. Relatively high cost of gasification equipment,

currently built on a custom basis

  • 4. Limited industry experience in using biomass

gasifiers in advanced power generation cycles

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Biomass Supply Development

slide-32
SLIDE 32

Biomass Resource Distribution

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Maintaining Healthy Forests Maintaining Healthy Forests and Restoring Fire Adapted and Restoring Fire Adapted Forest Ecosystems Forest Ecosystems

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Forestland: 216 MM acres Timberland: 141 MM acres Timberland screened for Fire Severity Regime 89 MM acres Treatment opportunities

  • n WUI and non-WUI timberland:

23 MM acres Butte Creek Fuels Reduction Treatment Results WUI 1.4 MM Non-WUI 21.6 MM

Final Screens:

  • 1. Plots with higher fire hazard (CI < 25 mph or CI < 40 + TI < 25)
  • 2. Inventoried roadless areas excluded
  • 3. Counties with wetter climates excluded

Fire Severity Regime Screens:

  • 1. Forest type with a surface or mixed severity fire regimes
  • 2. For WUI added limited treatment of high severity fire regimes

Fire Risk Reduction Opportunities

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Feedstock Transportation Feedstock Transportation

Source: Langholtz et al. 2006

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Current Systems – Trucks & Trains

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Policy Challenges

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Bioenergy Development

Cumulative Benefits of Biomass Energy Production

Synergies with existing infrastructure – no new transmission capability Dispatchable Fire Risk Reduction Rural Economic Growth And Preservation Distributed Resources Productive Use of Byproducts Carbon Neutral

slide-39
SLIDE 39

Challenges for Resource Development

  • Distributed Resource / Availability
  • Many small suppliers plus a few large suppliers – aggregators

are important

  • Competing uses
  • Variable feedstock quality
  • Measuring/monitoring sustainability
  • Transportation - costs & logistics
  • Time & investment for energy crop development
  • Strategic Use Considerations
  • Imported Oil Reductions
  • Protecting Food Supplies
slide-40
SLIDE 40

Bio Streamline interconnection for distributed biomass developers Contracts Intercon Power, BioFuels, BioProducts Power contracts that reflect distributed long-term benefits , Create incentives to make the switch nection Feedstocks Permitting Consistent permitting rules that recognize all biomass benefits Build infrastructure to move raw feedstocks to new bioenergy projects

Biomass to Markets

Creating an Environment Conducive to Bioenergy Development