Biodiversity and and human human Biodiversity well- -being - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Biodiversity Biodiversity and and human human well well-

• being

being

Patricia Patricia Balvanera Balvanera Center Center for for Ecosytem Ecosytem Research Research (CIECO) (CIECO) National National University University of

• f Mexico

Mexico (UNAM) (UNAM) pbalvanera@cieco.unam.mx pbalvanera@cieco.unam.mx

Our Our planet planet has has been been deeply deeply transformed transformed to to cope cope with with the the increasing increasing demand demand from from human human societies societies

Rockstrom et al. 2009 Nature 461: 472-475

We have crossed various planetary boundaries

• f unacceptable environmental change

Safe operating space Current condition Exceeded boundaries

Number of extinctions per million years per species

Pereira et al. 2010. Science DOI science.1196624

Extinction rates are much higher today than in the past and will increase in the near future

Past rates Present rates 10 to 100 Times higher Future Similar to 1000 times higher

This This biodiversity biodiversity loss loss is is likely likely to to have have negative negative consequences consequences on

• n human

human well well-

• being

being

BI ODI VERSI TY

COMPONENTS OF HUMAN WELL-BEING BENEFITS SOCIETIES OBTAIN FROM ECOSYSTEMS Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005

Biodiversity is linked to human well-being because it affects the ability of ecosystem to provide benefits or services to societies

Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms

Diversity at different levels of organization

Genetic diversity within populations Population diversity within species Species diversity within communities Community diversity within landscapes Biome diversity

Different types of diversity

Number of species Relative abundance Composition Range of functional traits Spatial distribution Vertical diversity Díaz et al. 2006 PLOS 4:277

Ecosystem processes and services underpin well-being

Ecosystem processes: interactions among abiotic and biotic components of ecosystem Ecosystem services: the benefits people obtain from ecosystems

Basic ecological processes that underpin ecosystem functioning and the ability to deliver ecosystem services Resources that can be consumed, accounted for Processes that regulate the variability in ecosystem conditions Benefits that arise from Human-ecosystem relationships Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005, Maass et al 2005, Chan et al. prep.

Human well being can be assessed through its constituents

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005

The relative importance

• f these constituents
• f well-being

varies among stakeholders and among societies

REGIONAL LANDSCAPE LOCAL

We will analyze what we know about the links between biodiversity and well-being at various spatial scales

BI ODI VERSI TY

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES HUMAN WELL- BEING

The availability of information on the topic is uneven

ISI Web of Knowledge 2010

Biodiversity and ecosystem services

200 400 600 800

Local Landscape Regional

Number of publications

200 400 600 800

Local Landscape Regional Biodiversity and Human well-being Only a small fraction of these references provide information relevant to the posed question

LOCAL

BI ODI VERSI TY

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

The links between biodiversity and ecosystem processes is very well know. That for ecosystem services is not so well known

Experimental studies have allowed the exploration of the links between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning

There has been an exponential increase in the number of publications from experiments

What is the shape of the relationship?

The dominant shape has been the rivet one

Cardinale et al. in press American Journal of Botany

Species richness Ecosystem Function

r

103 studies (1954-2004)

• ca. 450 diversity “effects”

Balvanera, Pfisterer, Buchman, He, Nakashizuka, Rafaeeli, Schmid 2006 Ecology Letters 9: 1146–1156

What is the direction of the relationship?

º

abundance

º º

40

• 1

1ª/2ª/3ª productivity 1 º Producer 1º Consumer abundance 2 º Consumer abundance Ecosystem property Mycorrhiza abundance Plant root biomass Decomposer activity Plant nutrient concentration Nutrient supply from soil 1º Consumer diversity 1° Consumer (Plant disease severity) (Invader fitness) (Invader diversity) Invasion resistance Consumption resistance Drought resistance Resistance to other disturbances Natural variation 80 Number of measurements Response to increasing biodiversity

1

• Ecosystem

service Nutrient cycling Decomposer diversity Regulation of Biological diversity

Stability

Erosion control Plants 1ª Consumers Micorrhiza Decomposer Multitrophic

Balvanera et al. 2006 Ecology Letters 9: 1146–1156

We found clear positive We found clear positive effects of biodiversity on effects of biodiversity on most ecosystem services most ecosystem services analyzed analyzed

These These effects effects were were analyzed analyzed accross accross multiple multiple ecosystem ecosystem types types, , multiple multiple trophic trophic levels levels, , and and multiple multiple functions functions pointing pointing towards towards consistency consistency

Yet, little is known for many types of ecosystems, e.g. very diverse systems such as tropical forests

Increasing richness and magnitude

• f service

along succession Aboveground carbon storage

Pasture Early successional Late successional Old growth-forest 0.E+ 00 1.E+ 05 2.E+ 05 3.E+ 05 20 40 60 80

Cum m ulative species richness Total accum ulated carbon ( Kg/ ha)

Balvanera et al 2005 Ecological Applications 15:360-375, Balvanera et al in prep.

We are analyzing links between biodiversity and ecosystem services for successional tropical forests

LOCAL

BI ODI VERSI TY

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES HUMAN WELL- BEING

?

Much less is known for the links to well-being at the local scale How different components of well-being are related to biodiversity?

LANDSCAPE

BI ODI VERSI TY

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES HUMAN WELL- BEING

Little is known on the links between biodiversity, ecosystem services and well-being at landscape scales

Biodiversity within mangroves provides human well-being

Barbier et al. Science 319: 321

Mangroves provide habitat for fisheries Coastal protection Decreasing shrimp farming Profit as mangrove area increases

300,000,000 300,000,000 World World 22,000,000 22,000,000 Ca Ca 7,000 7,000 Mexico Mexico 200 200 397 397 San Lorenzo San Lorenzo P Pá ápalo palo NUMBER OF NUMBER OF PEOPLE PEOPLE BENEFITED BENEFITED NUMBER OF NUMBER OF NON NON-

• TIMBER

TIMBER FOREST FOREST PRODUCTS PRODUCTS EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

Solís 2006 MSc Thesis, Balvanera et al. 2009 Capital Natural de México

Biodiversity is a direct source of food, fuel, medicine for rural populations of the world

Various components Of well-being

Basic materials Health Security Good social-relations

Biodiversity within Satoyama and Sataoumi is important for human well-being

Satoyama Sataoumi High species diversity High diversity of communities/ ecosystems Wide variety

• f

ecosystem services Multiple components

• f

Well- being

Basic materials Health Security Good social-relations Japan Satoyama Sataoumi Assessment 2010

Biodiversity Biodiversity is is important important to to services services and and well well-

• being

being at at landscape landscape scales scales, , though though the the patterns patterns are are not not simple simple

REGI ONAL

BI ODI VERSI TY

ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ECOSYSTEM SERVICES HUMAN WELL- BEING

Some studies have analyzed the link between biodiversity, ecosystem services and well-being at regional scales

Ostfeld & Keesing. 2000. Conservation Biology 14: 722–728

Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi

The higher the biodiversity the lower the disease incidence

White-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) Tick

Many studies have now confirmed the links between biodiversity loss and increased disease transmission

A- host/vector abundance B- host/vector/parasite behaviour Kessing et al. 2010 Nature 468:647-652

Many studies to date have mapped

biodiversity

and delivery of multiple

ecosystem services

Patterns of corrrelations between biodiversity and ecosystem services are not clear cut

Chan et al 2006 PLOS 4 e379

Low overall correlation between biodiversity and services- California

High spatial variance in concordance or discordance

Turner et al 2007 BioScience 57: 868-873

Only biodiversity Only services Both

Anderson et al 2009 J Appl Ecol 46 888–896

Spatial co-variance among services change with resolution and service - UK

100Km2 4Km2 100Km2

Carbon Agriculture Value Recreation

Nelson et al 2009 Front Ecol Environ 7: 4–11

Future scenarios for biodiversity and for ecosystem services have been developped to inform decision making

Pereira et al. 2010. Science DOI science.1196624

Yet models that predict impacts

• n

ecosystem services based on changes in biodiversity are not yet available

Biodiversity Biodiversity is is important important to to ecosystem ecosystem services services and and well well-

• being

being, , yet yet the the relationship relationship at regional at regional scales scales is is very very complex complex

BI ODI VERSI TY

COMPONENTS OF HUMAN WELL-BEING BENEFITS SOCIETY OBTAINS FROM ECOSYSTEMS Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2005

Biodiversity underpins the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being Yet the relationship between biodiversity and human well-being is scale dependent and complex

What What do do we we need need to to know? know?

• Role

Role played played by a by a range range of

• f biological

biological groups groups and and different different diversity diversity components components

• Impacts

Impacts on

• n a

a wider wider range range of

• f

ecosystem ecosystem services services

• Explicit

Explicit links links to to human human well well-

• being

being

• Relationships

Relationships and and relative relative importance importance at at multiple multiple spatial spatial scales scales

• Synthesis

Synthesis to to understand understand generalities generalities and and particularities particularities

We We have have shown shown that that biodiversity biodiversity loss loss will will threaten threaten ecosystem ecosystem services services delivery delivery and and human human well well-

• being

being

I n I n the the face face of

• f the

the new new Platform Platform for for Biodiversity Biodiversity and and Ecosystem Ecosystem Services Services much much more more information information is is needed needed to to explicitly explicitly link link biodiversity biodiversity to to well well-

• being

being at at multiple multiple spatial spatial scales scales

Ackowledgements Ackowledgements

• Sandra

Sandra Quijas Quijas

• Maria

Maria Jose Jose Mart Martí ínez nez Harms Harms

• Francisco Mora

Francisco Mora

• Radika

Radika Bhaskar Bhaskar

• Manuel

Manuel Beterams Beterams

• Adina

Adina Merelender Merelender

• Alicia Castillo

Alicia Castillo

• Elena Lazos

Elena Lazos

• Helena

Helena Cotler Cotler

• Marisa

Marisa Mazari Mazari

• Karina Caballero

Karina Caballero

• Manuel

Manuel Maass Maass

• Patricia

Patricia Avila Avila

• Fabiana

Fabiana Castellarini Castellarini

• Americo

Americo Saldivar Saldivar

• Ek del

Ek del Val Val

• Ernesto Vega

Ernesto Vega

• Enrique Mart

Enrique Martí ínez nez-

• Meyer

Meyer

• Bernhard Schmid

Bernhard Schmid

• Bradley

Bradley Cardinale Cardinale

• Henrique

Henrique Pereira Pereira

• …

….. more .. more students students, , assistants assistants and and collaborators collaborators

Science Coucil of Japan