beRgoneday - elak Ca cna ! - "#!$%&'(&)#!*+##,! - elak - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

1!

beRgoneday

• elak Ca cnßa !
• "#!$%&'(&)#!*+##,!
• elak Es b‘unelg

!"#$%!&%'"#!(')" *+,(!-."%$(/0"

123+'/456 !

!!

!"#$%&'()*+,+!-*./0"!12*-"3.4%"56+7+888+ ,8 !9*:';<4=>0"?<)@0$0A*B+C+ D8 !E9FA*BGH564<(I0;FJ?<$K0!"L+C 78 !9*;FJ?<$K0!"L/0"M204NO!P6+"<.A:<?QRS'T!;!TJ2L+C

$%&'(!"L!12*-"3.4%"56;5-!)U9+888+ V8 H%"<94%J0"N$0AB*J2L+WSXGY9'?(06S3.+!S*;Z*+ 4<(I0:';<4=>0"?<)@0+C

T.NM!XN[A\(-XNA%&*" ,8 A0-F(0X]":'H&^40_4! "<.(0XO6<!T`) D8 S%!=*6(06J0.!X* "<.J0.!Y(0;]M#WM"S* 78+(06!YO*Y/04NYO&$"a(\b.:';<4=>0"?<)@0 V8 )%E% "<.:0&c3(c0ON]"Y&39!<(06=d:';<4=>0"?<)@0

78"9:2-; 5

,"<('"

,e A0-F(0X]":'H&^40_4! De YO!:)]"S%!=*6(06 7e YO&$"a:';<4=>0" Ve )%E% "<.:0&c3(c0ON

" !

e! ;0""$-f0A0-F(0X6O4NWM"S* "<.4<X06O4N?0 e! ;0"406"4%J0"N4%60ON(06-XNS3.A%&*+888+ e X(gJ=%O6<4h0" &*A9*9(0X e S%!=*6(06!X*]M#WM"S* 65;;0"+6-"!&X AY90+"<.+ :0&4%J0"N6O4N?0

=> ?"@A'"9&%*+83B!"C!!

e! X(g="6O4N4<X0"0"0+ Hi$09Y;F-WSX$5- &"@XNA%&*YO?9!<40_4! 6O4NWM"S* "

j8 !O*4<"$04<X0;5-MI%&*O%W=((%!)T(%)* !"0L?0k20ON/0"$0 (%!)T(%=l

j8 (%!)T(%=WSX;0" YH0ON;mS>Y9'?T0(NO.n6!S0- TX"0]"T6"!)3(!JI0-+W9+ (%!)T(%=WSX;0"YH0ON !YH*;Y9'?T0(NO.n6+!S0-+ X%E'6(5TJ20%.$0.l )!"2 O3. )!"2

j8 4<X0;m0(N;m0WSX;0"YH*4!0XN W6mk%&+ /0"!(*9!o*.-m0.-i9(\b. $%!6#]M#(\b.]"WM"S*-i9&l 4<X0;m0(N;m0WSX;0"YH*4!0XNW6m + 9'T&+/0"!(*9!o*.-m0.!Xp"!"# + !X*]M#WM"S*!&X(%WA:\%!:2*.TFL + Y9$0(N!Xp"l

!"#"$%&

e! ;0"!H0X(06=d+q+]"Y)34!*r(4=>0""<-;+WSX+ $5-!-*.!S*;Z*-XNS3.&*YO?9!<40_4WM"S*+90;6-" :$4!b90.WOO!"L+l+

=>=578"9'"#-D&%*"3E+F8G" 5

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$.('-,&/'01

sOTtbOZ"\(0X$0H"23L!)#A9*9(0Xu

'%()&*+)#),%&-#&%()&.)/&%0&%()&*"#%1 &

e! S%!=*6(06k;v$09)0%.o0-WSX(%&F.!(*9;0"!o*. "0!&XOTtbOZ"\+Hi/0"!(*9!o*.90%.&*A9*9(0X e! ]M#WM"S*Y9'?/0"O"!M204NO!P6!S0-S%!=*6(06SWSX&

=>6 78"9'"#-D&%&H"3I;":347E4,

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$2&'3'(4+$5,&'6,(04+'01

$0)'!)# (%!)T(%=Y9'? T0(NO.n6!"#Y4)0ON60O !4v*l+Y4)0ON4<X0(%!)T (%=;<";0"60.60O!4v* Y9'?/0"M204NO!P6!)U9+$0j8+ !S0-(%X0%.]"TX"09<T9'"<Tl

)3( +

('OmFW"!+(\b.(6=*J2L+Y4)0ON(%!)T(%=Y9'?T0(NO.n6$0 Y4)0ON;<"60O!4v*l+$0+j8+;0")Y;.NS*+s6X(A.w0cNu !X*/09S*+JI0TN!"#(\b.)!"2+Ox!X*M\P(JI0TNl

=>J578"9'"#-D&%92E":KLG"'KI!/":K!(9"

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$78*#&'/*,9'0',(

$0)'!)# Y4)0ON]"4<X0 (%!)T(%=+Y9'?T0(NO.n6$0+ X%S0ON!S0-Y4)0ONWSX ;0"A0-F(0XT04N$0.!H !"#J0.!Y(0;+"<.!(v.$0.+ !H!"#&*!X*l

J0.!X* y!(v.$0.!H(

('OmFW"!+(\b.(6=*J2L+Y4)0ON4<X0 (%!)T(%=Y9'?/0"M204NO!P6!kB* [X%S0ONY4)0ON4<X0O_&0t04l

=>M578"9'"#-D&%/2%"'K/2%;'"<KNOP;5 5

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$:&,99;)800'(3$<#+40',(9"'*9

YHON&%!"*.M\9N O%=0(NY4F9 Ox(06!Y$U9T'X]";m0(N;m0 =0;5- WSX(09NT'X Ox 12.T'X!)#4<X0;5-!)U9 W9.W9;0"A0-F(0X!(v. $0.4<X0WSX?06.z)a<&Xl

4<X0S'oi6*9!Y$U9T'X4<X0(!;#T(%= !"# 2+-30,"&4868A

=>Q 78"9'"#-D&%&H"F7%R"S!(9"

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$.(),(-,&/'0'#9

T!"20L(\b.X%S0ONY4)0ON4<X0 WSX!H!E#f0 s]M#T!"20L4<X0u+y4,50,60+7-%/( !(*9!o*.!&X+888 e!;0"(06{ON]"(06T0(NO.n6!"#9%O"N;5- Ox e!Y4)0ON4<X0(!;#T(%=Y9'?6.4%=3( "<.!Y(0-;( !)U9Y9'?/0"(ON!S0-(!;#T(%=fv*+y;0"+7+YO!:)(

,8+(06(!(*9+s]M#T!"20L4<X0Y4Ou+y8-#50,60+7-%/(+888+ $0(W"2.WSX]M#T!"20L4<X06?0.Y4)0ON4<X0Y4O&H\0l

{ép!cenøaHsilaRsb}

ép!cenøaHsilaRsb

1> 1> silakem silakem!ckMN ckMN 2> 2> sMNwkénRsTab sMNwkénRsTab; 3> 3> karcak;bgÁr karcak;bgÁr shsm shsm<"n§sila n§sila EdlmanRKb;RsTab EdlmanRKb;RsTab 4 4 nigkarkekIt nigkarkekIt bEnßmeTot bEnßmeTot CamYynwgsila CamYynwgsila {ép ép!cenøaHsilaRsb cenøaHsilaRsb} } enAtMbn enAtMbn; ; 1 1 eTot eTot EdlmanRsTab EdlmanRsTab; ;

TaMgGs TaMgGs;

1> karkekIt {ép!cenøaHsilaRsb} ¬disconformity# >>>

eTAelIpUsIulrbs;va

D8+(06(!(*9+s]M#T!"20L4<X0;F%u+y",94$"+&4,50,60+7-%/(+888+ 4h<9!"#T!"20LY4)0ON4<X0!M!(+"<.Y4)0ON4<X0!Y)9+Ox+ Y4)0ON4<X0!&*.!o*.l+Y4)0ON!Y)9+OxY4)0ON!&*.+!o*./0"+ 6.4%=3(;F"!&X4<X0!M!(Y9'?/0"T0(NO.n6&*!X*?0l

D8+(06(!(*9+s]M#T!"20L4<X0;F%u+y",94$"+&4,50,60+7-%/(+888+

"*?m')3(4;FY)

,8 (06T0(NO.n6!X*/094;FY) +++++++++++++D8+&%!"*.M\9N

]M#S*;0"4%=3( +

78 4%=3( V8 (06T0(NO.n6OW"h;!)U9

"*?m')3(4;FY) Y4)0ON(!;#T(%=fv* s]M#T!"20L4<X0;F%u

]M#T!"20L4<X0;F%

78+(06(!(*9+s]M#T!"20L4<X0YT04u+y,0,50,60+7-%/(+888+

$0(W"2.WSXY4)0ON4<X0(!;#T(%=4h<9!"#J0.!X*]M# WSX6.4%=3(6O4N4<X0;m0(N;m0+Ox4<X0WYO(%!"*9Hv0"+ Y4)0ONl

78+(06(!(*9+s]M#T!"20L4<X0YT04u+y,0,50,60+7-%/(+888+

,8 (06T0(NO.n6 +++++++++++++D8+(06(ONS'!Y$# 78 (06J'TY).NY90- X%"0%WYO(%!=*9

"<.(06!Y$U9T'X]"4<X0;m0(N;m0

4<X0;m0(N;m0 "*?m')3(4;FY)

H

4<X06.4%=3( + ]M#T!"20L4<X0YT04

V8 (06!.*O!o*. "<.4%=3( |8 4%=3(O"!!)U9 }8 (06T0(NO.n6OW"h;!)U9

:-55"+&;0-,% <*==>=?@&

A"704#&-,&%()&(-#%0+/&06& 9)0$09/&"#&"&+)#4$%&06&"&B0"%& %+-*&-,&CDEE&-,&F(-5(&G"7)#& H4%%0,I&F-%(&G0(,&;$"/6"-+I& 0B#)+J)8&%()&",94$"+& 4,50,60+7-%/&F(-5(&H4%%0,& +)9"+8)8&"#&50,5$4#-J)&*+006& 06&(-#&K,-60+7-%"+-",&%()0+/&06& 9)0$09-5"$&8)J)$0*7),%L& M"/)+#&06&=?N&7-$$-0,&/)"+&0$8& +)8&#",8#%0,)&0J)+$-)&,)"+> J)+%-5"$&$"/)+#&06&?ON&7-$$-0,& /)"+&0$8&:-$4+-",&9+)/&#$"%)L

! "#!$%&'( )! *+,')!'-./ 0 "#01'23 4 4567(./ 8 *+,'8'9-: ;<&'*',3

,$='/3<><25(%(?;2$)*@';3*+,'/'A,$4';3B'CD!',<EEE<

!! "#$%&'()*+%,-./%"01%2*34)567! !! "#$%8(%9:7-9#2"#$%;<=>,:7?- !! "#$%@%19A !! "#$%8(%9:7-9#2"#$%;<=>,:7?- !! &'()*+%,-9#2"#$%@%19A*BC:*D%E*8F7-9#2,2")GH( !! &'IJ%/0 !! "#$%+%"%$0 .*('21%2*34)567!

=>T578"9'"#-D&%%(#%!#*"3347E4,5 5

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$2&'3'(4+$:,(0'(8'01

4<X0(!;#T(%=Y9'?T0(NO.n6 YHOS=!ON!X*9%O"Nk% )'X0-l 4<X0!"#9%O"N&*6+;0"X(g="S'TH\0+S0TN&*H\0+ !S0-406;0"4%=3(+!"0L?0Hi$0YO!:)4<X0W9;5-l+

=>U578"9'"#-D&%<2-3+15 5

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$=48(4+$78))#99',(

sM'4*FXu Hi$04;20(]"6F(g$09< Ox49B WSX6(I0!"#(\b.4<X0+888+

e! $0T%W=(63.]"406&0.n(0- e! $06'O60.]"406&0.n(0- e! $04\0;]"4(;v:0&406&0.n(0-

=>U578"9'"#-D&%<2-3+15 5

!"#$%&'()'*+#$,-$=48(4+$78))#99',(

e! TZ0ON!"LO.)0cf0+YO!:)&'$M'4*FXO"!O"#0ONH\090; X%S0ONTZ04NX04Nl+;0"YO!:)M'4*FX:0?64NS'TH\0!"#+ (\b.4<X0WSX;0"A0-F(0XS'TH\0l e! !O*!HS3.)Y;.N+X%S0ON6O4NM'4*FX+4<X0A0TY9'?/0"+ !6UOT%(\b.X%S0ONA0-F(0X6O4N?0+90;YO!:M'4*FX+ !"#(\b.?0l

fµkMe)ar nigsilaPaCn_TaMgenH manGayukaldUcKñaedaysarpU sIuldUcKñaenAxagkñúg.! silaPaCn_ nigfµxSac;TaMgenH manGayukaldUcKñaedaysarpU sIuldUcKñaenAxagkñúg.!

fµkMe)ar

!

fµxSac;! silaPaCn_! silaPaCn_!

silaTaMgenHman GayukaldUcKña edaysarpUsIuldUc KñaenAxagkñúg .!

RbsinebIRsTab;silaepSgKña Edl)anbg!aj[eXIj enATItaMgepSgKñamanpUsIuldUcKña eyIgGacsnñidæan)an fa RsTab;epSg"KñaTaMgenaH manGayukaldUcKña.

=>V5!W!,X#%Y!(9"

70&40'3&4*"')$:,&&#+40',(

e! X(g="WOO!"L+!H!E#f0+s4E4;~$"a4<X0u+!E*-+ A"F&009[A0-F(0X6O4N4<X0!MI.&+90%.)*!"#(\b.+ X%S0ONY93;Y9'?l e! (06(%=9NA0-F(0X!"LHi$0+s(0XO6<!T`)!kUOu y+)$"%-J)

& "9)&8"%-,9(l

e! ;0Y9S>0"!&X!?X0:'H&^40_4!+y9)0$09-5"$&%-7)>#5"$)(

=>Z5,"I<E."%7397$9"*+83B!"C!!5[=$

>#,+,3')4+$!'/#;9)4+#$?@A

e! O%W=.WT(6O4N;0Y9S>0"!&X!?X0:'H&^40_4! WMÄ( !X*X%S0ON]"4<X0+"<.M'4*FXl+ e! ;0"+V+4$( y(%YOÅÇ-0.;F"!HO%MF9+4$(/m0!oA'4'A<FT 4$(!;4'4'A<FT+"<.4$(!4='4'A<FT( e! 4$(Y9'?/0"WO.WT($04;$-(0X e! 4;$-(0XY9'?/0"WO.WT($04;$-

=>=\5'"9:#(7F]/E"FKO"<

BC9,+80#$43#$D40'(3

('OmFW"!+&%F;0"?<k*40Y4!(%=9NA0-F(0X6O4N4<X0

• m0.$0(NX0(N+6E'9SXNTF.48?8+DÉ+!E*-TF.48?8+DÉ+

(';0"?<k*40Y4!+s(0XO6<!T`)S0TNJ09u + $0 j8 ?<k*(0XO6<!T`)?<)@b4(;v " WMÄ(!)#!X*AY90]" (06O%WO(k09F?<)@b4(;v]"A09';l

?"<+,5%(;'"#:2N:'$^"<A$(/0_!',`#

B0,/9$4(D$<4D',4)0'E#$F#)41

,8 A09'; Hi$0:0HXÄ<99'TO%MF9!"#(\b.k09F;5- WSX!"#W96(I0)F(X(g="H*;*6O4N?0l

=iY9F. ]=B-m' YO'9F. !Ao<TY9F.

D8 ]=B-m'6O4NA09';+W9.+ ;0"O"#b(AHn<4"*?<$K;0" yYO'9F.(+!"#WM\(;g0.+ "<.!"#WM\(;g0.!)U9&F% ;0"M#b("'?O"#b(AHn<4"* y=iY9F.(l+O"#b(A?<$K;0"+ y!Ao<TY9F.(+?<X$%F?<c+ ]=B-m'+l

3> GatUménFatudUcKñamancMnYnRbUtugdUcKña. GatUmén FatudUcKñaEdlmancMnYnNWRtugxusKñaRtUv)aneKfa Ca {GIusUtUb} ]> 12C, 13C nig 14C .

6 RbUtug nig 6 RbUtug nig 6 RbUtug nig 6 NWRtug 7 NWRtug 8 NWRtug kabUn-12 kabUn-13 kabUn-14

V8 YO4<"!O*A09';;0"=iY9F.!YT*" Ox9<T!&( !"0L?0 Hv0"X%"3. !E*-O%WO(J2Ñ"l+(06M204NO!P6!"L !H!E# f0 s(06O%WO(k09F?<)@b4(;vu y+"8-0"5%-J)&8)5"/( WSX!(*9;0"!o*.(\b.AY90(%=9N;5-l $0 j8 (\b.4;04k09F(0O'" A*F4'9'O C?PHv0"X%"3. !E*-?0O%WO(!"#AY90(%=9N;5-l

|8 s$*?<9&0(N(=!0Xu y("$6>$-6)( 6O4NA*F4'9'OWSX Hv0"X%"3.+Hi$06-"!&XT0%/0TN4Y;0ON&0(N(=!0X O6<;0=A*F4'9'O!"0L Y9'?(09NO"h-90;6-"(06O%e WO(?<)@b4(;vl

Ö\096-"!&X (06O%WO(T0ON!M!*; 4;0;0Y9]"A09';!;WSX!"#4XN+yQ(

CRO CR? CRE CRCS CR=O CTT NT ON COLN SLON C O = ? N

$0 j8+888+ k09F;5-O%WO(+,ÉQ 60XN1\0%l &*S%O'.;0"+,ÉÉÉ+A09';l ,8 T'6O%!&c9060. D8 T'6H'6Y(0EB<( 78 H="0 $*?<9&0(N(=!0X

1\0% A09'; O%WO( A09'; !"#4XN

Q+!"#+

4XN

C O = ? N S D E U CT CC & CO & C= &

$0 j8+888+ k09F;5-O%WO(+,ÉQ 60XN1\0%l &*S%O'.;0"+,ÉÉÉ+A09';l ,8 T'6O%!&c9060. D8 T'6H'6Y(0EB<( 78 H="0 $*?<9&0(N(=!0X

1\0% A09'; O%WO( A09'; !"#4XN

G+!"#+

4XN

C CTT & UTT & HI $ O UT & ECT & J@ $ = EC & DOU & KL $ ? D= & SNS & MM $ N SS & NUT & NH $ S NU & N=C & NL $ D N= & ?DE & OJ $ E ?E & ?=T & OL $ U ?= & =ED & LH $ CT =U & =?U & LN $ CC & =N & =C? & L@ $ CO & =C & OEO & PJ $ C= & OE & ON? & PN $

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

PaKryenAsl; qñaM

karbMEbkFatuviTüúskm karbMEbkFatuviTüúskmµ µ

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

PaKryenAsl; qñaM

karbMEbkFatu karbMEbkFatu

1/2 1/16 1/8 1/4

CIvitBak;kN!al = 6>5 qñaM !

$0 j8 $*?<9&0(N(=!0X6O4N C?PHi |qÉÉ 1\0%+888

OmF"v0"1\0%90%.&* (06O%WO(/0"T0ON!M!*; 4;0;0Y9 @O: !S*; WSX!"#4XN

T CTTQ NIDTT NTQ CCI?TT& ONQ CDICTT COLNQ OOIETT SLON OEINTT =LCONQ

e! 4<X0;m0(N;m0 "<.4<X0WYO(%!=*9$0!YT*";0"A*F4'9'O WSX/0"(!(*9!"#!&X4<X0/0"(!(*9S'TH\0l e! S'!T\L WM"S*?<)'A0TH="0A0-F(0X6O4N4<X0!"0L 90;?<k*(0XO6<!T`)?<)@b4(;vl e! ;0"?<k*(0XO6<!T`)?<)@b4(;v$0!YT*"+888

viFI viFI FatuKImI FatuKImI kal kal qñaM aM ]> ]> smasFatu smasFatu

kabUn

14Cn

101-104 n kabUn ¬eQI dI q¥wg

xüg! G‘uyra:jÚ:m nigtUrüÚ:m

230Th-234Un

103-105 n Er:kal;sIut ¬páafµ

s"aLak;TIt! bU:tasüÚm nigGakug

40K-40Arn

105-107 n silam:ak;m:a

G‘uyra:jÚ:m

238Un

103-109 n Er:G‘uyra:jÚ:m

¬eBRCéf!

'"9:#(7F]/&%'"#7I:4Ia"!K'":+%$(/0_!',`

<4D',)4&C,($F40'(3

e! !"L$0?<k*4Y;0ON(%=9N(0XO6<!T`)4;04k09F(0O'" WSX;0"A0-F(0X&*+Ée}É+ÉÉÉ+1\0% !S0-WMÄ(!X* :0&4;ZP6WOO]"A*F4'9'O(0O'" C?P !kUO"3. COPl e! !O*!-*.S3.&*&0(N(=!0X$*?<9]" C?P "<.O6<;0= C?P WSX!"#4XN(\b.4%=0((0O'";5- !"0L!-*.A0T H="0A0-F(0X]"(0O'"!"0L/0"l

,8 AF*4'9'O6O4N(0O'" yCOPI C=PI C?P( Y9'?/0"Y4'O-( !S0-:0?64Nl S* D8+O"#0ON&*(06420ON+"<.(06(ON+!{*+"<.+ 1Ä3./0"/09NO.N"'? C?P+!S0-406W9+ (06O%WO(?<)@b4(;vl

X%E09N+888 e!$*?<9&0(N(=!0X6O4N C?PHi |qÉÉ 1\0% e!(\b.O6<-0(04 4;0;0Y9 C?P&V&COPHi C&V&CWCTCO e!$0 j8 (\b.1Ä3.OF60=;5- C?P&V&COP Hi C&V&OWCTCO e!S'T!"L O6<;0= C?PWSXO%WO(!E*-+Hi+|ÉÜ e!&0(N(=!0X$*?<9]" C?P+Hi+|qÉÉ+1\0% e!S'T!"L1Ä3.!"L;0"A0-F(0XYOWEX+|qÉÉ+1\0% e!Y4)0ONS*6O4N?0;0"A0-F(0XS'TH\0

=>=\5'"9:#(7F]/E"FKO"<5O"!

BC9,+80#$43#$D40'(3

!Y(#&*?<k*(0XO6<!T`)?<)@b4(;v+;0"?<k*(0XO6<!T`)S0TNe J09!MI.!)U9 WSX!H!E#f0 ?<k*40_4!T%"5"OW"h;l ?<k*)0%.!"LA0Y4$-!X*(06OW"h;-m0.!)U.)09N"'? 4;04k09F+S'T$0+888

e!Y4)0ONY(!-#YOT0%1\0% e+Y4)0ON)3(((YOT0%1\0%+ !"#(\b.WM")3((( e!Y4)0ON90;6S'?]" (!;#T(%=(\b.O3. e!4%60ON(0XO6<!T`)"'? )Y;.NS*+"<.(06J5.)3(+ ((SXN+,DÉ+ÉÉÉ+1\0%

=>== ,"I<E."%7397$9"*+83B!"C!!5[6$

>#,+,3')4+$!'/#;9)4+#$?PA

e! (06!YO*Y/04?<k*40Y4!(0XO6<!T`)S0TNJ09 90%.&*+)8?8+ ,áqÉ /0"A"F&009[WM"S*?<)'H="0&*A0-F(0X 6O4NWM"S*+"<.4<X0-m0.$0(NX0(N e! S'T!"L+!H/0"O!.w*9;0Y9S>0"!&X!?X0:'H&^40_4! $0(NX0(Nl

!"#$%&'$(&)*$&'+$+,-$".-/$ &0$)&1*$2"%-)/$3456$

RsTab RsTab; ; Gayukal Gayukal lan lanqñaM M karbkERs karbkERs

1

cas;Cag 60 ‘A’ cas;Cag 60

2

cas;Cag 60 ‘A’ cas;Cag 60

3

ekµgCag 60 ‘A’, cas;Cag 34 ‘B’, cas;Cag 30 ‘C’ Gayu 34-60

4

ekµgCag 34 ‘B’, ekµgCag 30 ‘C’, cas;Cag 20 ‘D’ Gayu 20-30

,"<('"

,e A0-F(0X]":'H&^40_4! De YO!:)]"S%!=*6(06

"# !

!)4:0&4=>0"$0X)aMX]" z)a<&X6O4NS%!=*6(06]M#J0.!X*WSX!E#f0 S%!=*6(06J0.!Y(#+y)W09),-5&*+05)##)#( "<.S%!=*6(06J0.(\b.+y),809),-5&*+05)##)#(l

6> I:7*/&%E27-4#'"#

%&,)#99$01*#9

E27-4#'"#O";7I'b

QR,3#(')$%&,)#99#9

e! !"#!X*]M#6O4NWM"S* e! $0)'!)# ?0"0%[;0"(06TFL)0O]"]M#S*)B*O y8),48"%-0,( !S0-;0"6O<T "<.4%=3( 90;X%E'6 )3( )3((( (;20%.)%"0cS* "<.J@XNO(N e! ('OmFW"! (06T0(NO.n6!"#9%O"NA0T!kB*[6-"(%&4N]M#S* !(*"!o*.

S%!=*6(06J0.!Y(#))5Xf0;&X&*+888+ e! (;20%.)%"0cS* y9+"J-%/( WSX!kB*[;0"TX"0TFL $Y;0X+"<.+ e! f0;&XY&LA0)<9@ y#0$"+&),)+9/( WSX!kB*[;0" 4(;v:0&$*?" (066%E59)3( "<.6.BXNO6<-0(04l

X)aMX]"6O<T

X)aMX]"(;20%.)%"0cS*

X)aMX]"X%E'6)3(

X)aMX]"X%E'6)3(

X)aMX]"X%E'6)3(

X)aMX]"J@XNO(N

X)aMX]"X%E'6)3(((

E27-4#'"#O";'G_;

Q(D,3#(')$%&,)#99#9

e! !"#J0.(\b.]M#6O4NWM"S* e! ?0)0(N)."3.TX"09<T9'"<T+y(06!.*O!o*. "<.(%E'TY).NY)0-]"4;Z(WM"S* 90;;0Y9S>0"k% e! $0)'!)# ?0"0%[;0"(06!(*"!o*.]"6-"(;~4N6O4N ]M#S*

S%!=*6(06J0.(\b.;0"+7+YO!:)+888+ e! 4(;v:0&;m0(N;m0+y-9,)04#&"5%-J-%/( Hi$0(06O!P6 )*90%.]";m0(N;m0!1~0L;((0"N]M#J0.!X*]"4%O(WM"S*l e! (06!.*O!o*.]"$56:\% y0+09),/(l e! !A!M6'm$3"* y)*)-+09),/( Hi$0(06!(0.!o*."'?9%O"N k%&]"4;Z(WM"S* !S0-Hv0"(06J'TY).NY90-!YT*" !)l

e! S%!=*6(06J0.(\b.))5Xf0;&X&*(!;!#(\b.WM"S* y9)0%()+7"$&),)+9/(l e! f0;&X:0H!YT*"!"L;(&*(06O%WO(k09F?<)@b4(;v !"#(\b.WM"S*l

4(;v:0&;m0(N;m0 V&M"J"&6$0FI&H"F"--&

4(;v:0&;m0(N;m0 &V&

X0$)+-%)&-,%+4#-0,I& Y"7-B-"&

4(;v:0&;m0(N;m0 V&2,5-),%&J0$5",0I&P+"%)+&$".)I&Z+)90,I&K:2&

(06!.*O!o*.]"$56:\% V&K*$-6%&06&[04,%&\J)+)#%I&H-7"$"/"#&

&%!"*.M\9NY4)0ON4<X0 V&#",8#%0,)I&]"$)#I&K^&

, &%!"*.M\9Nfv D (06((0-S*!S0-4(;v:0&49B 7 TX"06O4N(%!)T(%=(\b.)!"2 V !"##$"%&'($)*!+,(-.! | 4%=i(!S0-J@XN } H%"66O4N(%!)T(%=!S0-WM")3((( q TX"06Fc!o*.6O4N;m0(N;m0&*;m.9' à (06!.*O!o*.6O4N$56:\% á X%E'66O4NS* ,É M#bL]";0m(N;m0&*:\%!:2*.

X%E09N "

S%!=*6(06(\b.WM"S*

?#(D,3#(')A$$

Ox S%!=*6(064%O(WM"S*

?#R,3#(')AS$

• )/0.#!"#!123+,(-.

?#(D,3#(')A

• )/0.#!"#$)*!+,(-.

?#R,3#(')A

45!67)/(.3,1%&89! 4:!6!"#!!";-.$%<! 4=! !"##$"%&'($)*!+,(-.! 4>!6?@("#*$&!)/A?!)0!123A/(B! 4C! ?@("#DE/F.3#*$&GH"!&GH"7IGH3%J! 4K!6$)0L!/-";MN@&! 4O!6!"#/3.*/F.3#*$&PQ#R1)! 4S!6T)(##*$&!)/A?!)0/-";+,(AL!!!6 ! 45U! ,"2V'(G"H!&GH"7.R1)/RB.3! 4W! @)XJ##*$&-.!

'"#I<c<I<"34?"'"!^"<A

:+'/40')$:,(0&,+9

!)0LO*$0;0Y9S>0"9%O"N k6=*?<)@0 YO!:)4<X0+"<.4:0&)0OJ~4N]" 4=>0"S* ++;0"z)a<&X!X*(06?<?9! ]"!)4:0&4=>0"('!S0- A0(04k09F+(';0"z)a<&XJ20%.!)# !X*YO!:) "<.AY90S%!"*6(06:';<e 4=>0" !)#90;;0Y9S>0"WM"S*l

9%O"NWSXY9'?/0"(%=9NX(g="!S0-4=>0"S* WSX)0(N). "3.A0(04k09F;5-YO!:) Y9'?/0"!H!E#f0+s9%O"NA0(04e k09F:';<4=>0"u+y70+*(0>5$-7"%-5&30,)#( " e!Y9'&<T!4*; e )B*O4âÑ9 e!Y9'&<T!4*;e4âÑ9 e S*((63. e!Y9'&<T&0(N(=!0X4âÑ9 e )!"2)3((( e!Y9'&<T4âÑ9 e 9%O"N:\% e!+6-"))3.(=!0X!4*;

!"!#$%&'( !"!#$&)*+ ,%-.,/!!! 0'!!1/2+31045 %(67'8,16#%" 9+4:;<%&'(=&)*+ 9+4:;<&)*+ +>?-@AB> 0'!!1/2CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC1D",,/2= 9+4:;<:#!@= ,E'?&)*+ 9+4:;<%&'(

O%W=.WT(A!f6A0(04k09F4%J0"NJ2L&!"#!X*WM"S*" WS"(%=9N4*9F=):0&4%J0"N

4*9F=):0&(\b.WJY9$0(N$0.!H!

"É#$!

9%O"NS*((63.!&c;5-1\0% 4*9F=):0&(\b.WJY9$0(N$0.!H!

%,|#$

9%O"NWSX))5X/0")3(!:2ä.!YT*"+yA0%.9.N4*F!9J~4N+ã+4%=3(!YT*"( "<.9%O"NWSX ))5X/0")3(!:2ä.46FOYOT0%1\0%)0O+y9<T$0.+DÉÉ+;8;(+ã+J@XNO(J20%.l

A0%.9.N4*F!9)3(!:2ä. %|É ;8;*!;m0. %, S.(\b.+D+1\0% O6<;0=)3(!:2ä. "DÉÉ ;8; (\b.+,+1\0%

?%!#',`#$";7/!*"3!-."%%(;,%A!)

T4(D9)4*#$U$58/4($V(0#&4)0',(9$

4=>0"S* "<.S%!=*6(06:';<4=>0" ;0"z)a<&X!)#!X*4(;v:0&;"F4I !S0-;!k@0/0-!MI.&$0!YT*"l e!!YH0Lk;v$09< e!?<4B(;vWM\(O6<4h0"

e!(066F(6(k"k0"W6m

:';<4=>0"?<)@0A"F?9!"d

M",8#$-8)I&M"&P0,5(-%"I&P"$-60+,-"I&CUUNL&&

:)J)+)&*(/#-5"$&F)"%()+-,9&06&"&50,5+)%)&B+-89)I&P","8"L&

4(;v:0&;"F4I/0"(20-$0(9!0;5-(\b.(06?<?9!]"4=>0"S*l !-*.;0"z)a<&X!X*!)4:0&k;v$09< y6F(g$09< 49B S* )3( A0(04k09F O6<-0(04 "<.!)4:0&4=>0"(+S'T$0" e!(06O!.w*94=>0"S*fv*&+yj8+A0.4!b()3( "<.YO!E0.( e!(06WYOYO5XAY906O4NS%!=*6(06 yj8 4%=3( "<.(06T0(N O.n6(%!)T(%=( e!!kB*!A0-;0"4Y;F9S* e!(06M204NO!P6M2P?)3()!"2

e!(06!kB*(4<(;v (06(0ONO%M20c]Y&!{* "<.(0640.4.N X%!"#S>0" A0TO=!0X[;0"(06M204NO!P6-0m.J20%.SXN (;20%.4%=3(T%!&0L]M#S*l e!OTtbOZ"\;0"+7+ÉÉÉ+W+,Éá!90" ]"S*+"<.fv WSXY9'?/0" !kB*TX"0 !S0-406(06$*(W6m!X*&<:&!X0($0!6U.60XN1\0%l e!OTtbOZ"\;0"+D}+W+,Éá!90" ]"(!;#T(%=&*S*)B*OWSXE'6 "0%!)#T0(N!"#(\b.;E04;FY)4(X$0!6U.60XN1\0%l

H47",&"5%-J-%/&5",&5+)"%)&,)F&$",860+7#I&)L9L&%(+049(&7-,-,9&

_()&F0+$81#&$"+9)#%&7",>7"8)&(0$)V&[-+,/&8-"70,8&7-,)I& `4##-"&>&NON&7&8))*I&CLON&.7&F-8)L&

H47",&"5%-J-%/&-,5+)"#)#&)+0#-0,&%(+049(&8)60+)#%"%-0,L&

X)60+)#%"%-0,&-,&;"+"94"/L&

[-,-,9&F"#%)&*0$$4%-0,I&`-0&_-,%0I&:*"-,L&

a,5+)"#)8&50"#%"$&)+0#-0,&84)&%0&(47",&"5%-J-%/& H"$$#",8#I&\,9$",8I&CEENL&!)60+)&066#(0+) & 8+)89-,9&06&#",8&B)9",&-,&CEUDL &

H"$$#",8#I&CUT=I&"6%)+&%()&6-+#%&7"b0+& #%0+7#L&a,&CUCD&%()&J-$$"9)&F"#& 507*$)%)$/&8)#%+0/)8L&

a,5+)"#)8&50"#%"$&)+0#-0,&84)&%0&(47",&"5%-J-%/& H"$$#",8#&%08"/L &

P0,#%+45%-0,&06&8"7#&("#&7",/&-7*"5%#&0,&%()&$",8#5"*)L&

,"<('"

,e A0-F(0X]":'H&^40_4! De YO!:)]"S%!=*6(06 7e YO&$"a:';<4=>0"

$%& !

J>5I:3#%Y*+,(!-."%

>#,/,&*",+,3')4+$9190#/9

4&B]fâ!"L !H!YO* I:3#%Y !S*;Z*4<(I0A%&*:';<4=>0"+888 + YO&$"Hi$0 4%=%F+OxY(F;?9hbWSX;0"X(g=")0(N).H\0 WSX!(*9!o*.65;H\0$0?9hb;5-

Input Process Output Feedback RBMEdnrbs;RbB!n§!

a,*4% & ;+05)## & Z4%*4% & A))8B"5. &

YO&$"a:';<4=>0"+888+ e!O.)0cA%&*)%"0(N)%".6?0.O6<-0(04 )3( 4<X0 4=>0"S* S* 49B "<.6F(g$09< e!O.)0c&*TX"0 OxX%E'6]"f0;&X "<.4;04k09F!"#(\b. !)4:0&4=>0"! e!&"@XN&*O%X04NO!P66O4NS%!=*6(06 "<.)%6.N

$0 j8+YO&$"aA0(04k09F4(X !

\W"7*$)&06&"&9)070+*(-5&#/#%)7V&%()&(-$$#$0*)&(/8+0$09/&#/#%)7I& #(0F-,9&70J)7),%&06&F"%)+&6+07&+"-,6"$$&-,*4%&%0&5(",,)$&04%*4%L

!&4(9-#&9$W$!"&,83"*809$ 70,&#9$

!9*AB*$0WM\(4%J0"N&6O4NYO&$"a!)4:0&4=>0"!"L+C!

:0-$# & H/8+0$09/ & H-#%0+/ & P$-7"%) & `)$-)6 & c)0$09/ & d)9)%"%-0, & M",8>4#) &

YO&$"aY9'?/0"WO.WT($0" e I:3#%Y7:4' y0*),&#/#%)7#( WSX;0"O;204NO!P6 )0%.f0;&X+"<.?9hb(09NY&%WS"YO&$"a+yS'T$0YO&$"a :';<4=>0"(+"<.+ e I:3#%Y:(/+y5$0#)8&#/#%)7#( WSX;0"W9TX"0 f0;&X(09NY&%WS"YO&$"a+yS'T$0YO&$"af0;&XY&L A0)<9@(

(\b.:';<4=>0"+;0"YO&$"a+7+YO!:)+888+ ,8 YO&$"a4=>0"+y70+*(0$09-5"$&#/#%)7#( D8+YO&$"aS%!=*6(06 y*+05)##I&0+&5"#5"8)&#/#%)7#( 78+YO&$"aS%!=*6(06e)Y;.N y*+05)##>60+7&#/#%)7#(

I:3#%Y!-."%

X,&*",+,3')4+$9190#/9

e+('!E#M.WS6f0YO&$"a)Y;.Nl e+A0Y4$-!X*(06?04NW?.6'O40Y4! "<.)%"0(N)%".6?0.&5(?0+yj8+)%E% 6'O60. $Y;0X+"<.X(g="6'O(l e Hv0"(064"<\S>0"A%&*S%!=*6(06l

)%E%A0. O.)P6WM\(J0. !X*)!"2 T%!=09)!"2 T%!=09 $%60X A9<O6<;0 T%!=09 $%60X;k@;

I:3#%YE27-4#'"#

%&,)#99$9190#/9

e!('!E#M.WS6f0YO&$"aX%E'6l e M2P?TX"0f0;&X Ox4;04k09F "<.(06M#b(l e+j8+(06!M#6 "<.(064!b(4%!=*;&* O6<-0(04!)#S*90;6-"(%=(e A0(04+"<.$Y;0O)3(l

)3((\b.S* $Y;0O)3( )3(!X*]M#S* )3((\b. O6<-0(04 )3(!:2ä.

RbB!n§dMeNIrkar-TRmg;

Process-form systems

• k!ehApgEdrfaRbB"n§dMeNIrkar

eqøIytb.

• dMeNIrkarnanaeFVIeGaypøas;b#Úr

TRmg; ehIyTRmg;eFVIeGay pøas;b#ÚrdMeNIrkarnana.

karegIbeLIgéndI

PaBecat )atTenø

el,Ón lMhUrTwk GRta sMNwkdI

• !"

!" !"

kareqøIytbGviC¢manm

Negative feedback

• karERbRbYlkñúgdMeNIrkarmYy

bgáeGaymankareqøIytbmYy Edlkat;bnßykarERbRbYlPaB edIm.

• bgáeGaymansßirPaB.

karegIbeLIgéndI

PaBecat )atTenø

el,Ón lMhUrTwk GRta sMNwkdI

• !"

!" !"

kareqøIytbviC¢man

Positive feedback

• karERbRbYlkñúgdMeNIrkarmYy

bgáeGaymankareqøIytbmYy EdlbegáInkarERbRbYlPaBedIm

• bgáeGaymanGsßirPaB nig

karERbRbYlhYsBIkarRtYtRta.

BüúúHePøog GRta sMNwkdI lMhUrTwk elIdI CRmabTwk cUlkñúgdI

!" !"

,"<('"

,e A0-F(0X]":'H&^40_4! De YO!:)]"S%!=*6(06 7e YO&$"a:';<4=>0" Ve )%E% "<.:0&c3(c0ON

$!% !

M> /2W2 %(;*"3ef'e":N

X43('08D#$4(D$=&#Y8#()1

e!S%!=*6(06:';<4=>0"JF4H\0 YO9<O9!< !o*.(\b.AY90JF4H\0$0!YT*"l e!S%!=*6(06S'TH\0 A0TYO9<O9!<!"#(\b. AY90JF4H\0!Y(0;X(gJ=%A0(04e k09FJF4H\0l

e (06-XNS3.&*:0&c3(c0ON]"Y&39!<(06=d:';<4=>0" ]")%E%JF4H\0+Hi;0"406"4%J0"N=04N4%60ON(06-XN&* (06WYOYO5X!)4:0&4=>0"l e $0k;v90+Y&39!<(06=dk%& (Y;!(*9;0"=04N+J="!&X :0&Y&39!<(06=dc3(c0ON9'T!)#;k@; Hi!H4%H0XN!Ö*c ;0"X(g="k;v90l

RkahVikenH bg!ajBIbMENgEcktamPaBjwkjab;rbs;GefrEdlman\T§iBleTAelI dMeNIrkarPUmisNæanviTüa dUcCael,Ónxül; cMNuHTwkTenø nigkm<s;rlkTwksmuRT. RBwt"ikarN_PUmisNæanEdlekItmaneLIgy:agjwkjab; KWCaRBwt"ikarN_EdlmanTMhMmin sUvFM k#bu:En"RBwt"ikarN_EdlmanTMhMFMNas; ekIteLIgy:agkRm .

TMhMRBwt"ikarN_ ¬!"#$%&'()$ PaBjwkjab;rbs;RBwt"ikarN_ ¬*+),')$-.$

ehtukarN_PUmisNæanFMeFg GaMgtg;sIuetx<s; ekIteLIgy:agkRm BIeRBaH vaRtUvkarrYmpSMKñaCak;lak;énlkçxN!epSg" ¬dUceyIge)aHRKab;LúkLak;mYyRKab; ebI RKab;LúkLak;enaH bg#ajelx 6 enaHman RbU)ab‘ÍlIet 1 elI 6 = 17° k_b:uEn$ebI eyIge)aHRKab;;enaHcMnYn 3 dg ehIyva bg#ajelx 6 cMnYn 3 dg enaHmanRbU)a- b‘ÍlIetesµInwg 1 elI 216 = 0/005°% .

(;v"!+y(06.06(+:';<4=>0"]"S%!=*6(06!MI.& !"#$%&'()%!*(+',-./0&123(45&671)*859:&;<)1=" !

e!!"#9%O"N!4*;+áÉÜ+]"(06.06Y9'?/0"A"F?9!!S0-S%!=*6(06 WSX!(*9!o*.c3(c0ON+y;!.(\b.+6-"!&X&*+|e,É+1\0%( e!!"#9%O"N4âÑ9;0"W9+VÉÜ+]"(06.06Y9'?/0"A"F?9!!S0- Y&39!<(06=dWSX!(*9!o*.c3(c0ON+y!6U.60XN+,e,É+1\0%( e S'!T\L!E*- !"#(\b.;0Y9S>0"4(X+)0%.Y&39!<(06=dk%&+"<.+ k;v90+Hi;0"406"4%J0"Nl

e !"#(\b.(06$W$(&<:0(I06?0.Y)34!*;E"!60-"<-;+"<.+ r(4=>0""<-;+/0"!X*(!o*.f0 YO?9!<!)4:0&4=>0" Hi$0MX<9MXWSX;0"90%.&*-'6;(!E*-]"Y&39!<(06=d )%E%9'T6E'9SXN;k@; $0;5-"3.:4!b90.4%60ONYO39!< (06=d;E"!60-"0"0l!

78"#9/1":-$,;/+&)%$;/$2;*-$+,-$2;0-$&0$"$/&29;-)$<$ 2&#.$:-);&9/$&0$=&)-9&>$/-:")"+-9$=%$/,&)+$ :-);&9/$&0$+-))&)?@ $ X)+).&dL&29)+I&CUU= & <-L)L&$0,9&*)+-08#&06&#%"B-$-%/I& & F-%(&B+-)6I&+"*-8&5(",9)#@ &

6-"!&XWSXY&39<!(06=d]")%E%;5-$0(NX0(N Y9'?/0"!H/0m"N 4v0"$0;k@;f0 "3.!(*9;0"!o*.;!.!)U9l gF7%R"S*"3ef'e":Kh <`)54++),5)&-,%)+J"$#@

j8 )3($%""NWSX;0" sT!"20L:0&c3(c0ONu+,ÉÉ+1\0% e!)3($%""N)%E%WOO!"0L Oxk%$0.!"0L!(*9!o*.;5-S.(\b. 6-"!&X+,ÉÉ+1\0% e!!"#1\0%=0;5- YO'/0OÅÇX*!9]")3($%""N)%E%WOO!"0L Oxk% $0.!"0L!(*9!o*.;!. ;0"OmF"v0":0H6-C (\b.1\0%=0;5-+Hi+,+!X*+,ÉÉ+ã+,Ü

cenøaHPaBjwk cenøaHPaBjwk jab jab; ; ¬qñaM qñaM!

2 5 10 20 50 100

nIv:Uép"Twk

Gtibrima RbcaMqñaM ¬m!

8.9 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.7 11.1

Tinñn#yGMBIcenøaHPaBjwkjab; sMrab;nIv:UTwkenAPMñeBj

cenøaHPaBjwk cenøaHPaBjwk jab jab; ; ¬qñaM qñaM!

2 5 10 20 50 100

nIv:Uép"Twk

Gtibrima RbcaMqñaM ¬m!

8.9 9.4 9.8 10.2 10.7 11.1

Tinñn#yGMBIcenøaHPaBjwkjab; sMrab;nIv:UTwkenAPMñeBj

Y&39!<(06=d(Y;;0" sT!"20L:0&c3(c0ONu W?.$0. Y&39!<(06=d(0"NW99'T++OmFW"!?0('(0"NW9&</0((\b. (06&@0(6=d!A0-4FY(<9@+l +

Typical relationship between stream discharge and recurrence interval

0 2 5 10 20 50 100

<'E#&$7#E#&(Z$.[$

<'E#&$7#E#&(Z$.[$ T#(30"\$LNO$]/$ ?X#],(3\$OZHIH$]/A$ BE#&43#$-+,^\$M@$/L9;@$ ?X#],(3\$@MZIII$/L9;@A

<'E#&$7#E#&(Z$.[Z$PIIK$

>'1&*)1=&?@&583(8&"A

_&e&<,fC@&R&+

_&V&T!"20L:0&c3(c0ON6O4NY&39!<(06=d ,&V&T%"5"1\0%WSX/0"(9NY90 +&VX%S0ON)%E%Y&39!<(06=d;5-$0(NX0(N yT%"5"(6=*!X*

T%"5"WSX!-*.[/0"(

_&e&<,fC@&R&+

<,V&,47B)+&06&/)"+#&06&+)50+8g&+V&)J),%&7"9,-%48)I&+",.)8@& !"+&9+"*(#&06&",,4"$&6$0F&60+&%()&`-J)+&:)J)+,&<K^@I&CU?N>UNL&

Bar graphs of annual flow for the River Severn (UK), 1945-95.

What is the Recurrence Interval for a 60 m3s-1 flood? T = (n+1) / r

Bar graphs of annual flow for the River Severn (UK), 1945-95.

Recurrence Interval, T = (n+1) / r = (50+1) / 27 = 1.9 = 53%

Meaning ... There is a 1 in 1.9 (53%) chance that a flood of this magnitude will occur in any year. Also, on average, one such flood will occur every 1.9 years.!

Bar graphs of annual flow for the River Severn (UK), 1945-95.

What is the Recurrence Interval for a 70 m3s-1 flood? T = (n+1) / r

Recurrence Interval, T = (n+1) / r = (50+1) / 12 = 4.25 = 24%

Meaning ... There is a 1 in 4.25 (24%) chance that a flood of this magnitude will occur in any year. Also, on average, one such flood will occur every 4.25 years.! Bar graphs of annual flow for the River Severn (UK), 1945-95.

!)4:0&4=>0" 65;MI%!o*.!S0-)%6.N:';<4=>0"$0 !YT*")%6.N+"<.;0")%E%A0-F(0XJF4&H\0 9060.)*+D8D "+ d!,4I'+ j8 )Y;.NS*9'T&!X*/09WY&()!"2 d!7,!+ j8 W:\" d!,"iI'+ j8 Y$X. d!7,Wj" j8 /040%.O.)P6k%& :';<4=>0"?<)@0 "<.;0Y9S>0"

c)070+*(0$09/&",8&:5"$)

S%!=*6(069<T9'"<T;<"4'?4%J0"NT%!&0L(06-XN&*4=>0"S*

A"!6(;v6?0.S%!=*6(06J0.(\b.+"<.S%!=*6(06J0.!Y(#4%J0"N T%!&0L(06-XN&*4=>0"S*

7!F'!4!7;k:

'("!)"&!

'(Fl'"#H"S5,A%F":K7H!4,7,7#m%L`4

e!!1B.;(L3$)(Q#$%&'()*+D+ e!A0"$%&'()*+7

$*%!