BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS. - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Nov 14, 2023 194 likes •761 views

Instituto Politcnico Nacional Centro de Investigacin en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnologa Avanzada CICATA, Legaria 694. Col. Irrigacin, C.P. 11500, Mxico D.F., Mxico http://www.cicata.ipn.mx BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES

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Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada CICATA, Legaria 694. Col. Irrigación, C.P. 11500, México D.F., México http://www.cicata.ipn.mx

“BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS.”

by ERNESTO MARÍN MOARES (Ph.D) emarinm@ipn.mx emarin63@yahoo.es (preferable)

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Winter College on Optics: Advanced Optical Techniques for Bio-Imaging February 13-24, 2017

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RESEARCH CENTRE ON APPLIED SCIENCE AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY (CICATA) NATIONAL POLYTECHICAL INSTITUTE (IPN), MEXICO CITY http://www.cicata.ipn.mx

MASTER AND PHD PROGRAMS IN ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY MASTER AND PHD PROGRAMS IN PHYSICS EDUCATION MASTER AND PHD PROGRAMS IN MATHEMATICS EDUCATION Research Areas 1- Nanotechnology and Functional Materials 2- Biomaterials. 2- Instrumentation and Characterization PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES LABORATORY Since 2011 Graduate Programms of International Competence PNPC-CONACyT  Scholarships (also for foreign students)

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OUTLINE: 1. THE PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT

  • WHY TO USE THE PA EFFECT FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION ?
  • HEAT GENERATION AFTER LIGHT ABSORPTION:
  • THE PHOTOACOUSTIC TECHNIQUE: EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP. WHAT IS

MEASURED? 2. THERMAL WAVES PHYSICS

  • OPTICAL ABSORPTION AND LIGHT INTO HEAT ENERGY CONVERSION

THREE MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER

  • 1 D HEAT CONDUCTION: THE HEAT DIFFUSION EQUATION
  • THERMAL WAVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

3. THE PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES

  • BESIDES PHOTOACOUSTICS: HOW TO DETECT?
  • SOME PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES
  • 4. SELECTED APPLICATIONS :
  • SPECTROSCOPY
  • CALORIMETRY: THERMAL PROPERTIES MEASUREMENT
  • DEPTH PROFILING
  • IMAGING

A LITTLE BIT OF HISTORY: REDISCOVERING 19 CENTURY DISCOVERIES BY MODERN SCIENCE

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1ST PART: THE PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT “HEARING LIGHT”

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I have heard articulate speech produced by sunlight, I have heard a ray of the sun laugh and cough and sing! I have been able to heard a shadow, and I have even perceived by ear the passage of a cloud across the sun´s disk…can imagination picture what the future of this invention is to be…

  • A. G. Bell. Fragment of 1880´ Brief to Charles Sumner Tainter

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Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922)

Bell, A. G., Am. J. of Sci. 20, 305 (1880).

1880: the discovery

Bell, A. G. y Tainter, S., Photophone United State Patent No. 235, 496, (1880).

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SPECTROPHONE BELL´S EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP TO STUDY THE PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT The Manufacturer and Builder Volume 0013 Issue 7 p. 156 (July 1881)

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HOME WORK: DEMONSTRATING THE PHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT WITH A STETHOSCOPE

  • Lat. Am. J. Phys. Educ. Vol. 2, No. 2, May 2008
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OTHER “KITCHEN” EXPERIMENTS

Rush, W. F. and Heubler, E. 1982 Am. J. Phys. 50 669. Campbell, C. and Laherrere 1998 J. Sci. Am. 78 278. Euler, M., Niemann, K. and Müller, A. 2000 Phys. Teacher 38 356 Euler, M., Phys. Teacher 2001 39 406.

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To hearing tube Modulated light beam Stethoscope head

Sound waves Light absorption Light energy into heat conversion Heat diffusion

Mechanisms involved in the generation of the photoacoustic signal

INTERPRETATION OF HOMEWORK RESULTS

MOTIVATION: WHY TO USE SUCH EFFECT FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION

Elastic properties Optical properties e.g. Conversion Efficiency Thermal properties

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RAW ESTIMATION: ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE T= ? Power: 0.1 mW Duration: 5.0 ms  Q = 5.0  10-7 J 1.0 cm3 of air density ~ 1.2  10-3 g/cm3  m = 1.2  10-3 g Q = m c T cair = 1.0 J/gK  T = 4.2  10-4 K P= ? Before de light pulse P0V = nRT0 After de pulse (P0+P)V = nR(T0+ T)  P = P0 (T / T0 )  P = 4.0  10-2 Pa Light pulse P0 = 1.01  105 Pa T0 = 300 K

  • A. M. Mansanares, Short Course at V International Conference on Surfaces, Materials and Vacuum

September 24 -28, 2012 Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico

MOTIVATION: HOW TO DETECT SO SMALL VARIATIONS IN PRESSURE (OR TEMPERATURE) ?

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Bell A G 1881 Nature 24 42 Tyndall J 1881 Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 31 307 Roentgen W 1881 Phil. Mag. 11 308

. . .

Viengerov, M. L. 1938 Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 19 687 Luft K F 1954 C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 238 1651

EARLY WORKS

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PHOTOACOUSTIC SPECTROSCOPY  First theoretical model  First applications

1970s The rediscovery

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Schema of a typical experimental set-up

  • F. Gordillo Delgado, 2011 “Photoacoustic technique applied to the strengthening of clean agriculture”
  • Ph. D. Thesis, CICATA-Legaria México D.F.
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Small TSmall Signal to Noise RatioPhase sensitive detection: The Lock-in Amplifier (LIA)

LIA in a Nut Shell

S = A cos (t + ) + n signal to be measured A: signal amplitude; : signal phase =2f: angular frequency n: noise at f r = 2 cos (t) r’ = 2 sin (t) p = S  r = A cos ()+A cos (2t + )+2n cos (t) p' = S  r’ = A sin ()+A sin (2t + )+2n sin (t) X and Y real (in-phase) and imaginary (quadrature) parts of the complex number A exp (i) ; i = (-1)1/2 A = (X2 + Y2)1/2  = atan (Y/X) X = A cos() Y = A sin() SR810 LIA from Stanford Research Systems ~ $ 4000 CICATA-FPGA LIA Field Programmable Gate Array FPGA Spartan-3E ~ $ 400

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Wavelength ()-resolved experiments (PA-spectroscopy)(f-fixed) Time-resolved (both f and  fixed) Monitoring of dynamic processes Modulation frequency (f)-resolved ( fixed) Determination of transport parameters

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2ND PART: THERMAL WAVE PHYSICS

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OPTICAL ABSORPTION Absorbance Molar Concentration [M] Molar Absorptivity Coefficient [M-1m-1] (-dependent) Light Intensity [Wm-2] I (x=0) Optical absorption coefficient Light penetration depth = 1/ Transmitance

* * * * * * +

 Reflectance

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LIGHT INTO HEAT ENERGY CONVERSION

amount of heat generated per volume unit of the sample in an element of thickness dx at depth x

quantum efficiency for heating = produced heat / incident energy + 

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THREE MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER 1- Convection Heat flux density [W/m2] Convection heat transfer coefficient Newton’s law 2- Radiation Stefan-Boltzmann law T-T0 << T0  Radiation heat transfer coefficient 3- Conduction Fourier´s law 1D, homogeneous and isotropic samples, T small  Conduction heat transfer coefficient

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Thermal resistance (against conduction) Ohm´s law for thermal conduction  R: resistance (against convection-radiation) Biot´s number : fraction of material’s thermal resistance that

  • posses to convection-radiation heat losses
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* ** *** ** *** + * +  Heat diffusion equation Thermal diffusivity FOURIER´S LAW + ENERGY CONSERVATION LAW  HEAT DIFFUSION EQUATION

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Thermal conductivity versus thermal diffusivity

Closed circles: metals; squares: ceramics; triangles: glasses; open squares: polymers; open circles: liquids; crosses: gases

Slope ~ C = k /α ~ 3106 Jm-3 K-1 α

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THERMAL WAVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Isotropic and homogeneus semi-infinite solid + Superficial uniform light absorption (1D) +  = 1 + R=0 + neglecting heat losses (with HL see )

HDE BC  Wave number Thermal diffusion length Thermal effusivity ~ k because the almost constancy of C THERMAL WAVE EQUATION Thermal properties determination is possible !

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Thermal impedance Amplitude Phase

x 0 m

l

e T0

T

        m x T exp Thermal diffusion length Wave-length Phase velocity Group velocity THERMAL WAVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

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THERMAL WAVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Temperature continuity at x=0 (negligible interfacial termal resistance)  Heat flux continuity at x=0 (see Fourier´s law)  Behavior at interfaces (normal incidence) Reflection and transmission coefficients

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Orders of magnitude

Depth profiling and imaging are posible ! THERMAL WAVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES

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Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)

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1800s: The years of the discovery “The problem of the earth crust temperature is one of the most beatifull applications of the heat transfer theory”

  • J. B. J. Fourier

Home work: A very simple photothermal experiment

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Adrien Marie Legendre (left) and Joseph Fourier (right)

Boilly, Julien-Leopold. (1820). Album de 73 Portraits-Charge Aquarelle’s des Membres de I’Institute (water colour portrait #29). Biliotheque de l’Institut de France.

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  • T. N. Narasimhan 1999 Fourier´s heat conduction equation: History, influence, and connections. Reviews of Geophysics 37 151

(1822´s Théorie Analytiqúe de la chaleur was first developed in 1807 under the name Théorie de la propagation de la Chaleur dans les Solides)

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  • A. J. Ångström, Ann. Phys. Chem. 64:33 (1861)

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Another 19th Century discovery: The Ångström method for thermal diffusivity measurement

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amount of heat generated per volume unit of the sample in an element of thickness dx at depth x

THERMAL WAVES (with distributed heat source)

Isotropic and homogeneus semi-infinite solid + Bulk uniform light absorption (1D) +   1 + R  0 + neglecting heat losses

 ()  Spectroscopy is possible !

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3RD PART: THE PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES

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PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOTHERMAL TECHNIQUES

Besides using a microphone: How to detect?

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Thermal lens and photothermal modulated photoreflectance microscopy Thermal lens spectroscopy Photothermal (multi) beam deflection and photothermal lock-in shadowgraphy Photothermal Infrared thermography Photothermal Infrared radiometry Photopyroelectric/acoustic microscopy Photoacoustic spectroscopy Photopyroelectric technique Photothermal techniques available at Photothermal Techniques Laboratory, CICATA-Legaria

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Mirage effect (BEAM DEFLECTION)

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Another example of a photothermal technique:

Wednesday 9.00 h Photothermal digital lock-in shadowgraph technique for materials thermal characterization (signal and image digital processing) ( Leonardo Building - Budinich Lecture Hall ) !!

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4TH PART: SELECTED APPLICATIONS

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PA SPECTROSCOPY AND DEPTH PROFILING

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More Spectroscopic Applications: Thermal lens spectroscopy:

  • Prof. A. Marcano, Wednesday 15 and Thursday 16, 11.00 h

Thermal lens microscopy:

  • Prof. M. Franko Monday 20 and Tuesday 21, 11.00 h

+ some experimental sessions

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Amplitude Phase THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION BY SLOPE METHOD LOG (AMPLITUDE × 1/2 ) VERSUS  1/2 PHASE VERSUS  1/2 STRAIGH LINE WITH SLOPE = L /(2) 1/2

L

L L L L LOG (AMPLITUDE ) VERSUS L PHASE VERSUS L STRAIGH LINE WITH SLOPE = (/2) 1/2 FREQUENCY DEPENDENT INSTRUMENTAL FACTOR CAN AFFECT BOTH AMPLITUDE AND PHASE  NORMALIZATION PROCEDURES, EXPERIMENTAL ARTIFACTS, ETC STRAIGHFORWARD PROCEDURES

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THE THERMAL WAVE RESONATOR CAVITY METHOD

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Thermal characterization of thin filaments

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Thermal properties characterization: Photothermal shadowgraph technique:

  • Prof. E. Marin, Wednesday 15, 9.00 h

+ SOME EXPERMENTAL SESSIONS

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Photothermal pump-probe optical methods are very useful for both spectroscopy and thermal characterization, e.g. thermal lens technique Thermal lens spectroscopy (see Franko and Marcano forthcoming courses) Δ𝜃 𝜃0 = 1 𝜃0 𝑒𝜃 𝑒𝑈 Δ𝑈

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Graphene: 2D (semi) metal: a lattice of hexagonally arranged carbon

  • atoms. The potential to produce graphene using a super abundant

chemical element, and the possibility of its functionalization, make it a particular laboratory for basic research in 2D systems.

Signal ~ number of layers  imaging

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Images taken with a modulated thermoreflectance set-up

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Modulated optical reflectance microscopy Δ𝑆 𝑆0 = 1 𝑆0 𝑒𝑆 𝑒𝑈 Δ𝑈

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  • E. Hernández Rosales et al in preparation
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  • E. Cedeño, Master Thesis, CICATA-IPN, México, August 2013

The sensor: A PZT from a commercial buzzer

A photothermal microscope at CICATA-Legaria. Imaging

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Optical image f=6 kHz Resolution 0.02 mm (7533 pixels) Amplitude image Phase image Lottery Ticket “Raspe y Gane” Imaging

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CdTe/CdS/Glass Imaging Optical Photoacoustic Glass CdS CdTe

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

COLLABORATORS: MANY COLLEAGUES (IN MEXICO AND ABROAD) AND STUDENTS INSTITUTIONS:

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Thank you!