Automation mania in the time of Automation mania in the time of - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Automation mania in the time of Automation mania in the time of Reason: considerations for complex Reason: considerations for complex transportation systems transportation systems Stephen Popkin, Ph.D. Volpe National Transportation Systems
18 November 2010
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There is no such thing as an unmanned system
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Reliance on automated systems may be eroding the flying skills of pilots, contributing to about 60 percent of the accidents reviewed by an FAA research team. “Operating flight-control computers can distract pilots from ‘managing the flight path of the airplane,’ Abbott said. In addition, ‘pilots sometimes abdicate too much responsibility to the automated systems.’ She added that sometimes pilots don't get enough practice in hand-flying and will hesitate to take control away from the computer in an emergency.”
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Adapted from J. Reason
“Man cannot make principles, he can only discover them” Thomas Paine from the Age of Reason: Hazards Losses Active Failures Latent Conditions Successive Layers consider increased safeguards (barriers) within and across different dimensions or levels of the Sociotechnical mode
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Adapted from N. Moray
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(Parasuraman, Sheridan, & Wickens, 2000)
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________ ___ ________ _______ ___ September 31, 2009 Dark Territory Analysis – Part I
Source: telephonecomponents.com
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September 17, 2009 PTC R&D Programs 15 Alaska RR CAS
Currently there are few PTC system deployments around the country with different railroad employing variety of specifications (vital and non-vital overlay) in many operating modes including development, testing, and revenue service. 469 miles – Revenue service 450 miles – testing 1374 miles – Development
UPRR VTMS 1 Freight UPRR VTMS 1 TTCI V-PTC BNSF ETMS II METRA ETMS AMTRAK ACSES BNSF ETMS II BNSF ETMS I AMTRAK ITCS OHIO CENTRAL OCRS NS OTC CSXT CBTM
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September 17, 2009 PTC R&D Programs 16
Colored by Railroads Class I – Mainline Intercity/Commuter Rail (marked with dark line)
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PROBLEM: Pedestrian Safety Enhancement Act 2009 (Jan 2009/April 2009) requires DOT “…to study and establish a motor vehicle safety standard that provides for a means of alerting blind and other pedestrians of motor vehicle operation.” OBJECTIVE: Phase 1 described safety issue, requirements for blind pedestrians’ safe mobility, identified potential countermeasures. Phase 2 developing specifications for synthetic vehicle sound countermeasures while operating in EV mode below 20 mph. RESEARCH: Collected and analyzed vehicle acoustic measurements by ambient noise conditions, developed detectability requirements for synthetic vehicle sounds, conducted human-subjects testing to measure the detectability of synthetic vehicle sounds for specification requirements.
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Accident Avoidance Safety Hazard Avoidance Ergonomics Personnel Protection Damage Control Physical Environment Personnel Services Living Conditions Quality of Life Quality of Work Skill Development Individual / Team Training Concepts Initial & Follow-
Organic Training Simulations / Delivery Systems Embedded Training Distance Learning Virtual Environments Intelligent Tutoring Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes Personnel Classification Selection Recruiting Retention Career Progression Skill Mix/ Special Skills Occupational Standards Distribution Workload Normal Operations & Emergency Activity (Quality / Quantity) Operators, Maintainers & Support All Personnel Workforce Structure Human Performance Human Interfaces Human Error Avoidance Top Down Analysis Design for Usability Design for Maintainability
Safety Personnel Survivability Habitability Training Personnel Manpower Human Factors Engineering
Environment Hazard Avoidance Occupational Health Hazard Avoidance Risk Mitigation Medical
Health
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Manpower Human Factors Habitability P e r s
n e l Training System Safety Occupational Health Retention Q O L Environment QOS
Scheduling
Personnel Survivability
Recruiting
Manpower/Personnel: Recruiting, Retention
Training
Environment, Safety, Occupational Health
Human Factors: Quality of Service
Personnel Survivability
Habitability: Quality of Life
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– How can/will X use this system or program
– What kinds of organizational structures are in place to support implementation?
– How will knowledge transfer from the introduction or pilot site to other sites?
– What methods can be used to communicate about the system or program to the public or industry?
– How can system or related communications be shaped to make them more accessible to the target audiences?
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Ottoson, J. & Hawe, P., Eds. (2009). Knowledge utilization, diffusion, implementation, transfer, and translation: Implications for evaluation. New Directions for Evaluation, 124.
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Funded Activity “Family” E.g.
Research
Development Deliverables/ Products Technical Report(s) Application of Research Data Use Adoption of Guidelines, Standards or Regulations Forecasting Model(s) Reduced Accidents & Injuries Unintended Consequences Positive Knowledge Gains Negative Environmental Effects Changing Practices Improved Safety Culture
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“How people feel”
Values, Attitudes & Perceptions
“What people do”
Actions & Behaviors
“Organizational factors”
Policies, Procedures & Management Systems
Three-Part Model of Safety Culture Adapted from Cooper (2000)
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Rules Revision All Operating 30% reduction in reportable injuries Drop in liability claims EAGLES Station Services (Hi Supervision) 80% drop in injury rates 76% drop in reportable injuries ISROP Mechanical 50% drop in injury rates (all injuries) CAB Road (Lo Supervision) 72% drop in L.E. decertification rates 69% drop in HF derailment rates STEEL Switching (Moderate Supervision) 62% drop in yard derailment rates
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States government that took 92 years to establish; it was first considered in 1808.
economical national transportation system, with due regard for need, the environment, and national defense.
and administering policies and programs to protect and enhance the safety, adequacy, and efficiency of the transportation system and services.
Administrations
1 US DOT Office of the Historian Web Page
FAA FMCSA FTA FRA MARAD NHTSA Office of the Secretary PHMSA FHWA
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– To be widely recognized as the world’s leader for safety in transportation.
– To serve as DOT’s safety advocate and to bring together each part of DOT in addressing transportation safety as a critical national health issue
– To identify, prioritize and address top current safety issues in DOT. – To encourage the development, implementation, and evaluation of proactive initiatives that improve safety and safety culture in transportation. – To share data, best practices, and strategies for continuous improvement of DOT’s safety programs. – To provide a forum for anticipating and addressing top emerging safety issues in DOT.
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Compliance Approaches
Technology
Reporting
Coordination All Stakeholders Major Themes / Issues Identified To Date
■ Establish V.1 Safety Council Principals
and principles
■ Conduct interviews with Principals ■ Feed back results for validation ■ Empower Principals ■ Incorporate results into Safety Council
implementation (formalize Roadmap)
■ Regularly check in with Principals and
chair informally
■ Periodically provide opportunity for
formal feedback
■ Constantly provide feedback on results
and actions
Clusters
Evaluation Approach
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