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1 Assessing the risks associated with the dispersion of novel genes/alleles into the environment Nathalie Isabel et al. NASEM, Washington DC 5 April 2018 2 Outline 1. Background 2. Research framework 3. Studied System: Main Results

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Assessing the risks associated with the dispersion of novel genes/alleles into the environment Nathalie Isabel et al. NASEM, Washington DC

5 April 2018

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Outline

  • 1. Background
  • 2. Research framework
  • 3. Studied System: Main Results

Poplars Larches

  • 4. Conclusions
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Background

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) The Canadian Environmental Protection Act The Seeds Act, etc. «… safety concerns are posed primarily by the presence of a novel trait or substance in a product, rather than how novelty was introduced… »

Background

Canada

reviewed by Bonfils TGG 2005

  • These novel traits can be introduced: biotechnology,

mutagenesis, conventional breeding techniques, and gene editing technology.

Federal Regulatory Framework

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“Plant that contains a trait which is both new to the Canadian environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant with respect to the environment and human

  • health. “

Plant with Novel Trait (PNT)

Background

http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/eng/1300137887237/1300137939635 4

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Poplars as the first candidate

2006

GM poplars Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997 Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan

Background

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“Plant that contains a trait which is both new to the Canadian environment and has the potential to affect the specific use and safety of the plant with respect to the environment and human

  • health. “

Plant with Novel Trait (PNT)

Background

The CFIA’s environmental safety assessment takes into account:

  • the potential of the plant to become a weed
  • the potential of a plant to create a weed by cross-pollinating with another

plant

  • the potential impact on biodiversity
  • Not allowed to reproduce

http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plants-with-novel-traits/eng/1300137887237/1300137939635 6

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Poplar with exotic component as a proxy for PNT

Background

2006

GM poplars Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997 Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan Poplars with exotic components

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Background

2006

GM poplars Field Trial (CFS) established in 1997 Courtesy of Armand Séguin, NRCan Poplars with exotic components

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Poplar with exotic component as a proxy for PNT

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Risk assessment for PNTs

Steps of the introgression process

Research Framework

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Exposure: The probability that a defined hazard will occur Hazards: Potential of an agent or situation to cause and adverse effect

Elements of exposure and progress towards the hazards

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Risk assessment for PNTs

Steps of the introgression process

Research Framework

Old

Natural forests

Contemporary

Plantations vs Natural forests

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Contact Zones

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  • P. balsamifera
  • P. deltoides
  • P. trichocarpa
  • P. angustifolia
  • P. fremontii

Poplars

Studied systems

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Hybrid poplars (poplars with exotic component)

Studied systems

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  • P. deltoides
  • P. balsamifera

(LN) x D L x N B x D

Native hybrid Hybrid with exotic component

Hybrid poplars (some examples)

Studied systems 13

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  • P. balsamifera
  • P. deltoides

SNP

Gros-Louis et al. 2005 TGG Meirmans et al. (2007) Can J Bot Talbot et al. (2011) Can J For Res Isabel et al. (2013) TGG Floate et al. (2015) New Phytol

Tools and methods

Simulations

Studied systems

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Studied zones (poplars)

Studied species

Eastern Canada Central Canada

  • P. balsamifera
  • P. deltoides
  • P. trichocarpa
  • P. angustifolia
  • P. fremontii

Step Region 15

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Do exotic poplars cross with native species in natural settings? Agroforestry lansdcape vs natural forest

Risk assessment for PNTs

Hybridization

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Eastern Canada

500 m

  • 67 mother-trees
  • ~ 5000 seed analysed
  • > 100 male clones
  • P. deltoides
  • P. balsamifera

Hybrids & Exotics Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot

Agroforestry Forest

Hybridization Eastern Canada

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Agroforestry Forest

  • P. deltoides
  • P. balsamifera

Hybrids & exotics

  • P. balsamifera

20%

  • P. balsamifera

72%

Effect of landscape and recipient native species

Eastern Canada

More than 1000 male clonal varieties

  • P. deltoides

2%

Fragmented habitat Recipient (15-30-yr-old) Distance: 17-531 m Natural forest Recipient (50-yr-old) Distance: 18-282 m

Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot

Hybridization

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Central Canada

  • 23 mother-trees

(all P. balsamifera)

  • ~ 2000 seed analysed
  • 1 putative male parent (LND)

Hybridization Central Canada Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag

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Watson

0.1%

Blakley

2.4%

Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag

Hybridization

Effect of landscape and recipient genotypes

Central Canada

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Fragmented habitat Recipient (20-50-yr-old) Multiclonal Distance: 20m - 1.5km

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Talbot et al. 2011 Can J For Res

Exotic poplars in central Canada

Russian (LN) poplars (100-yr-old)

Russian Northwest

  • P. deltoides

Walker Others Assiniboine

Over 34 million trees distributed (1909-2006)

The Shelterbelt Centre (Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada)

Hybridization Central Canada

21 21 Density of pollen and seed production

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Do hybrids establish themselves in nature? Do they reproduce? Under which conditions? Risk assessment for PNTs

Backcrossing to recipient species

Backcrossing to recipient

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  • 108 trees sampled, ~280 km2
  • 4.6% (5/108), female parent: donor

Saskatchewan

Central Canada

Backcrossing to recipient Central Canada

Ronald & Steele 1974 Can J Bot

Manitoba

23 Density of pollen and seed production (S. DiFazio 2004)

Fragmented habitat Recipient (30-50-yr-old) Distance: up to 1 km

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Backcrossing to recipient Eastern Canada 24

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  • P. deltoides
  • P. balsamifera
  • P. nigra

hybrides Québec Chicoutimi Sherbrooke 15 pops 635 samples

2.4%

Thompson et al. 2010 Mol Ecol

Impact of disturbances

Backcrossing to recipient Eastern Canada 25

Natural to disturbed habitats Recipient (50-yr-old) Distance: 18-282 m

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Hybrids and fitness

Base-de-plein-air Sainte-Foy

Eastern Canada Fitness

  • B = P. balsamifera
  • D = P. deltoides
  • N = Natural hybrids (DxB)
  • X = Exotic hybrids (BxN, DNxB, etc.)
  • Leaf & flowering phenology
  • Reproductive fitness
  • Disease susceptibility
  • Etc

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Disturbed habitat Recipient (20-50-yr-old) Distance: from 100m to few km

19.6% (27/138)

2009

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Ex: Disease susceptibility

No significant difference between native and hybrids

  • Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp)
  • M. medusae (Mmd)

Rust susceptibility Uredia / cm2 Roe et al. 2014 Ecol & Evol a, b

Hybrids and fitness

Eastern Canada Fitness

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  • 1. Does spontaneous hybridization occur between exotic and

native species in natural settings?

  • 2. If spontaneous hybrids do form, are they viable?

Do they reproduce ? Where?

  • 3. Are they more fit than their parental species?

Yes, genotypes/recipient species, environment Yes, seed mediated gene flow, disturbed habitats

Summary - Poplars

For many characters they are intermediate

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Do exotic larches reproduce with native species in natural settings?

Risk assessment for PNTs

Recipient species Donor species

  • L. decidua
  • L. kaempferi
  • L. sibirica

& hybrids

Studied systems 29

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Effect of landscape and recipient species

Bonaventure Lotbinière

Seeds

0.9%

Recruits

2.8%

Seeds

3.2%

Recruits

1.5%

5000 seed, 1000 recruits

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Risk assessment for PNTs

Steps of the introgression process

Research Framework

Contemporary

Plantations vs Natural forests

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Contact Zones

 

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Long distance gene flow

Recipient species

Fct: 0.063 100 nuclear SNPs 1200 individuals Meirmans et al. 2017 JEB

Populus balsamifera

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Risk assessment for PNTs

Steps of the introgression process

Research Framework

Old

Natural forests

Contemporary

Plantations vs Natural forests

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Contact Zones

  

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Oldman River and Red Deer River

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  • P. balsamifera
  • P. deltoides
  • P. angustifolia

Central Canada Biotic interactions

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Floate et al. 2016 New Phytol.

Oldman River

Central Canada Biotic interactions

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The framework

Patrick Meirmans et al. 2009 Evol Appl Amanda Roe et al. 2014a,b Ecol Evol Patrick Meirmans et al. 2010 Am J Bot StaceyThompson et al. 2010 Mol Ecol Patricia Talbot et al. 2012 For Ecol Manag Patrick Meirmans et al. 2013 TGG Jared LeBoldus et al. 2013 Plos One Kevin Floate et al. 2015 New Phytologist

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Meirmans et al. 2017 JEB Julie Godbout et al. unpublished

Conclusions

  

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Social licensing, Economical values & Ecosystem services

Missing piece

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Howlett & Migone 2010 Technology in Society

Conclusions

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Julie Godbout Manuel Lamothe Marie-Claude Gros-Louis Audrey Lachance Eric Dussault Daniel Plourde Philippe Tanguay Josyanne Lamarche Amanda Roe Chris McQuarrie Tannis Beardmore Dale Simpson Bill Schroeder Kevin Floate Jared LeBoldus Patrick Meirmans Jean Bousquet Damase Khasa Barb Thomas Peter Blemis Pierre Périnet’s team Martin Perron’ team Stewart Rood Tom Whitham Matt Lau