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Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis Jesse Hughes JHughes@tm.tue.nl Technical University of Eindhoven Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis p.1/17 Norms in Knowledge An epistemological investigation. Artifactual Functions: A

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Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis

Jesse Hughes

JHughes@tm.tue.nl

Technical University of Eindhoven

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.1/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims. We aim to investigate knowledge of (non-moral) normative claims.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims. We aim to investigate knowledge of (non-moral) normative claims.

  • Prescriptive knowledge — what one ought to do

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims. We aim to investigate knowledge of (non-moral) normative claims.

  • Prescriptive knowledge — what one ought to do
  • Functional knowledge — how things ought to perform

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims. We aim to investigate knowledge of (non-moral) normative claims.

  • Prescriptive knowledge — what one ought to do
  • Functional knowledge — how things ought to perform

Restrict to a familiar domain: technical artifacts

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims. We aim to investigate knowledge of (non-moral) normative claims.

  • Prescriptive knowledge — guides, rules and advice for

designing and making artifacts

  • Functional knowledge — how things ought to perform

Restrict to a familiar domain: technical artifacts

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Norms in Knowledge

An epistemological investigation. Most epistemology deals with descriptive claims. We aim to investigate knowledge of (non-moral) normative claims.

  • Prescriptive knowledge — guides, rules and advice for

designing and making artifacts

  • Functional knowledge — functions of technical

artifacts Restrict to a familiar domain: technical artifacts

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.2/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ...

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”
  • “The subroutine (is intended to) ensure that the user is

authorized.”

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”
  • “The subroutine (is intended to) ensure that the user is

authorized.”

  • “The magician’s assistant is for distracting the

audience.”

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”
  • “The subroutine (is intended to) ensure that the user is

authorized.”

  • “The magician’s assistant is for distracting the

audience.” We ascribe functions to biological stuff,

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”
  • “The subroutine (is intended to) ensure that the user is

authorized.”

  • “The magician’s assistant is for distracting the

audience.” We ascribe functions to biological stuff, artifacts,

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”
  • “The subroutine (is intended to) ensure that the user is

authorized.”

  • “The magician’s assistant is for distracting the

audience.” We ascribe functions to biological stuff, artifacts, algorithms,

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Functions

Some things have functions, purposes, intended uses, ... Functional ascriptions:

  • “The function of the heart is to pump blood.”
  • “That switch mutes the television.”
  • “The subroutine (is intended to) ensure that the user is

authorized.”

  • “The magician’s assistant is for distracting the

audience.” We ascribe functions to biological stuff, artifacts, algorithms, personal roles.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.3/17

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Function simpliciter?

Biological functions have generated considerable interest and controversy.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.4/17

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Function simpliciter?

Biological functions have generated considerable interest and controversy. Artifactual functions arise from intentions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.4/17

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Function simpliciter?

Biological functions have generated considerable interest and controversy. Artifactual functions arise from intentions. Biological functions must appeal to history, propensity, something else?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.4/17

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Function simpliciter?

Biological functions have generated considerable interest and controversy. Artifactual functions arise from intentions. Biological functions must appeal to history, propensity, something else? Nonetheless, some theorists include artifactual functions in a biological function theory.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.4/17

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Function simpliciter?

Biological functions have generated considerable interest and controversy. Artifactual functions arise from intentions. Biological functions must appeal to history, propensity, something else? Nonetheless, some theorists include artifactual functions in a biological function theory. Question: Are these functions instances of a single coherent concept?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.4/17

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Function simpliciter?

Biological functions have generated considerable interest and controversy. Artifactual functions arise from intentions. Biological functions must appeal to history, propensity, something else? Nonetheless, some theorists include artifactual functions in a biological function theory. Question: Are these functions instances of a single coherent concept? Answer: Er, um, ...oh look! Isn’t that the queen?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.4/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

  • Accidental function

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

  • Accidental function
  • Repeated use function

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

  • Accidental function
  • Repeated use function
  • Designed function

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

  • Accidental function
  • Repeated use function
  • Designed function

These functions are distinguished by history,

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

  • Accidental function
  • Repeated use function
  • Designed function

These functions are distinguished by history, expectations,

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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Artifactual function

Artifactual functions come in three different flavors.

  • Accidental function
  • Repeated use function
  • Designed function

These functions are distinguished by history, expectations, normative features.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.5/17

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A very serious example.

Facial tissue is more expensive than toilet paper.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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A very serious example.

Step one: remove the center piece.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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A very serious example.

Step two: Dispense tissue via vacant center.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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A very serious example.

Decorative covers: that Martha Stewart touch.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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A very serious example.

This alternate function arose first as an accidental function.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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A very serious example.

It became an example of repeated use function (with designed accessories).

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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A very serious example.

Now coreless rolls of toilet paper are available (i.e., designed function).

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.6/17

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Accidental functions

We regard accidental function as the simplest sort.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.7/17

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Accidental functions

We regard accidental function as the simplest sort. An artifact a has the accidental function f if a can be used to do f.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.7/17

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Accidental functions

We regard accidental function as the simplest sort. An artifact a has the accidental function f if a can be used to do f. We expect:

Accidental Designed Repeat use

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.7/17

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Accidental functions

We regard accidental function as the simplest sort. An artifact a has the accidental function f if a can be used to do f. We expect:

Accidental Designed Repeat use

What we say about accidental functions apply to repeated use and designed functions, too.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.7/17

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Accidental functions

We regard accidental function as the simplest sort. An artifact a has the accidental function f if a can be used to do f. We expect:

Accidental Designed Repeat use

What we say about accidental functions apply to repeated use and designed functions, too.

(We hope.)

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.7/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim. An artifact a has the accidental function f if a can be used to do f.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim. An artifact a has the accidental function f if there is a means to f involving a.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim. An artifact a has the accidental function f if there is a means to f involving a. First step: analyze means-end ascriptions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim. An artifact a has the accidental function f if there is a means to f involving a. First step: analyze means-end ascriptions. Aim: conceptual analysis, not tools for practical reasoning.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim. An artifact a has the accidental function f if there is a means to f involving a. First step: analyze means-end ascriptions. Aim: conceptual analysis, not tools for practical reasoning. What does a means-end claim mean?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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Means and Ends

Whatever an accidental function is, it includes a means-end claim. An artifact a has the accidental function f if there is a means to f involving a. First step: analyze means-end ascriptions. Aim: conceptual analysis, not tools for practical reasoning. What does a means-end claim mean? Procedure: analysis via formalization.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.8/17

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The Proposed Development

Means-end ascriptions

  • Provide formal semantics for means-end ascriptions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.9/17

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The Proposed Development

Means-end ascriptions ⇒ Accidental functions

  • Provide formal semantics for means-end ascriptions.
  • Include artifacts and users.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.9/17

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The Proposed Development

Means-end ascriptions ⇒ Accidental functions ⇒ Other functions

  • Provide formal semantics for means-end ascriptions.
  • Include artifacts and users.
  • Additional norms involved?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.9/17

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The Proposed Development

Means-end ascriptions ⇒ Accidental functions ⇒ Other functions ⇒ Function simpliciter?

  • Provide formal semantics for means-end ascriptions.
  • Include artifacts and users.
  • Additional norms involved?
  • Who knows?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.9/17

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The Proposed Development

Means-end ascriptions ⇒ Accidental functions ⇒ Other functions ⇒ Function simpliciter?

  • Provide formal semantics for means-end ascriptions.
  • Include artifacts and users.
  • Additional norms involved?
  • Who knows?

Today, we restrict our attention to means-end ascriptions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.9/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ. ϕ is a condition, i.e., a formula.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ. ϕ is a condition, i.e., a formula. Dynamic logic is an appropriate setting for us.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ. ϕ is a condition, i.e., a formula. Dynamic logic is an appropriate setting for us. act actions m, n, . . .

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ. ϕ is a condition, i.e., a formula. Dynamic logic is an appropriate setting for us. act actions m, n, . . . prop atomic propositions P, Q, . . .

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ. ϕ is a condition, i.e., a formula. Dynamic logic is an appropriate setting for us. act actions m, n, . . . prop atomic propositions P, Q, . . . ME all propositions ϕ, ψ, . . .

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic components

m is a means to the end ϕ. m is an action, the result of which is (likely) ϕ. ϕ is a condition, i.e., a formula. Dynamic logic is an appropriate setting for us. act actions m, n, . . . prop atomic propositions P, Q, . . . ME all propositions ϕ, ψ, . . . ME → prop | ¬ ME | ME ∧ ME | [act] ME

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.10/17

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Dynamic operators

We interpret [m]ϕ as: After doing m, the condition ϕ holds/is likely.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.11/17

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Dynamic operators

We interpret [m]ϕ as: After doing m, the condition ϕ holds/is likely. Dynamic logic interprets actions as transitions between worlds.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.11/17

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Dynamic operators

We interpret [m]ϕ as: After doing m, the condition ϕ holds/is likely. Dynamic logic interprets actions as transitions between worlds. m is a means to ϕ iff doing m changes the world so that ϕ.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.11/17

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Dynamic operators

We interpret [m]ϕ as: After doing m, the condition ϕ holds/is likely. Dynamic logic interprets actions as transitions between worlds. m is a means to ϕ iff doing m changes the world so that ϕ. m is a means to ϕ in world w iff w | = [m]ϕ

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.11/17

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Dynamic operators

We interpret [m]ϕ as: After doing m, the condition ϕ holds/is likely. Dynamic logic interprets actions as transitions between worlds. m is a means to ϕ iff doing m changes the world so that ϕ. m is a means to ϕ in world w iff w | = [m]ϕ But this is a bit too simple...

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.11/17

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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17

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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions. Firing the starter pistol will start the race...

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17

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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions. Firing the starter pistol will start the race... but only if there are bullets in the pistol.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17

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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions. Firing the starter pistol will start the race... but only if there are bullets in the pistol. Formally: Loaded ⇒ [fire]Race

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17

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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions. Firing the starter pistol will start the race... but only if there are bullets in the pistol. Formally: Loaded ⇒ [fire]Race Clearly, ⇒ is not material implication.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17

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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions. Firing the starter pistol will start the race... but only if there are bullets in the pistol. Formally: Loaded ⇒ [fire]Race Clearly, ⇒ is not material implication. It is evidently not monotone: ¬

  • (Loaded ∧ RunnersDeaf) ⇒ [fire]Race
  • Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17
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Conditional components

Means/end attributions come with (implicit) preconditions. Firing the starter pistol will start the race... but only if there are bullets in the pistol. Formally: Loaded ⇒ [fire]Race Clearly, ⇒ is not material implication. It is evidently not monotone: ¬

  • (Loaded ∧ RunnersDeaf) ⇒ [fire]Race
  • We will ignore ⇒ hereafter.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.12/17

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Dynamic semantics

A simple model.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

Race Worlds in which the race has started...

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

Race Loaded and those in which the gun is loaded.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

shoot W × act → W Race Loaded The transition structure for shoot...

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

shoot load W × act → W Race Loaded and the structure for load.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

shoot load W × act → 1 + W Race Loaded Maybe not every action can be performed in every state. (You can’t load a loaded gun.)

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

shoot load W × act → PW Race Loaded Or maybe outcomes are not determined (say, a gun can jam).

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Dynamic semantics

shoot load W × act → PW Race Loaded But a jam is less likely than a successful shot. Our semantics should reflect this fact.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.13/17

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Likelihood semantics

A likelihood model has a transition structure W × act → D(W), where D(W) is the set of discrete distributions on W.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.14/17

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Likelihood semantics

A likelihood model has a transition structure W × act → D(W), where D(W) is the set of discrete distributions on W. We define a likelihood function l : W × ME → [0, 1].

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.14/17

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Likelihood semantics

A likelihood model has a transition structure W × act → D(W), where D(W) is the set of discrete distributions on W. We define a likelihood function l : W × ME → [0, 1]. Fixing α ∈ [1

2, 1], we write

w | = ϕ ⇔ l(w, ϕ) ≥ α

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.14/17

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Likelihood functions

For actions m = n, we require l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [n]ψ)}.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.15/17

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Likelihood functions

For actions m = n, we require l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [n]ψ)}. As long as m is likely enough to yield ϕ and n likely enough to yield ψ, then w | = [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.15/17

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Likelihood functions

For actions m = n, we require l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [n]ψ)}. As long as m is likely enough to yield ϕ and n likely enough to yield ψ, then w | = [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ. This is perhaps controversial. Certainly, our likelihood functions are not probability distributions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.15/17

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SLIDE 90

Likelihood functions

For actions m = n, we require l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [n]ψ)}. Now what if m = n? We offer two alternatives.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.15/17

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Likelihood functions

For actions m = n, we require l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [n]ψ)}. Now what if m = n? We offer two alternatives. Simple semantics: l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [m]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [m]ψ)}.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.15/17

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Likelihood functions

For actions m = n, we require l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [n]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [n]ψ)}. Now what if m = n? We offer two alternatives. Simple semantics: l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [m]ψ) = min{l(w, [m]ϕ), l(w, [m]ψ)}. Distributive semantics: l(w, [m]ϕ ∧ [m]ψ) = l(w, [m](ϕ ∧ ψ)).

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.15/17

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Comparison

P r

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a l Simple semantics Distributive semantics For every purely propositional ϕ, we have l(w, ϕ) ∈ {0, 1}.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.16/17

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Comparison

P r

  • p
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a l M

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  • n

Simple semantics Distributive semantics A simple and compelling argument that the semantics are the right semantics.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.16/17

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Comparison

P r

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e n s Simple semantics Distributive semantics If w | = ϕ → ψ and w | = ϕ, then w | = ψ.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.16/17

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Comparison

P r

  • p
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a l M

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i v a t i

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M

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e n s T a u t

  • l
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y Simple semantics Distributive semantics For every tautology ϕ, we have l(w, ϕ) = 1.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.16/17

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Comparison

P r

  • p
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i t i

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a l M

  • t

i v a t i

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M

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e n s T a u t

  • l
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y E q u i v a l e n c e Simple semantics Distributive semantics Whenever ⊢ ϕ ↔ ψ, we have l(w, ϕ) = l(w, ψ).

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.16/17

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Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

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SLIDE 99

Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

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Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.
  • Several semantic options for same, including:

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

slide-101
SLIDE 101

Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.
  • Several semantic options for same, including:
  • Two semantics for dynamic logic with likelihoods.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

slide-102
SLIDE 102

Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.
  • Several semantic options for same, including:
  • Two semantics for dynamic logic with likelihoods.

To do:

  • Final word on likelihoods?

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

slide-103
SLIDE 103

Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.
  • Several semantic options for same, including:
  • Two semantics for dynamic logic with likelihoods.

To do:

  • Final word on likelihoods?
  • Introduce artifacts & actors in dynamic logic.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

slide-104
SLIDE 104

Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.
  • Several semantic options for same, including:
  • Two semantics for dynamic logic with likelihoods.

To do:

  • Final word on likelihoods?
  • Introduce artifacts & actors in dynamic logic.
  • Investigate stronger norms in repeated use & designed

functions.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17

slide-105
SLIDE 105

Concluding remarks

Progress:

  • A broad strategy for analyzing functions.
  • A syntax for means-end ascriptions.
  • Several semantic options for same, including:
  • Two semantics for dynamic logic with likelihoods.

To do:

  • Final word on likelihoods?
  • Introduce artifacts & actors in dynamic logic.
  • Investigate stronger norms in repeated use & designed

functions.

  • A million things not listed here.

Artifactual Functions: A Plan for Analysis – p.17/17