Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. Medial Temporal Lobes Henry Molaison (HM) - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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May 24, 2023 161 likes •455 views

Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. Medial Temporal Lobes Henry Molaison (HM) (1926-2008) Consequences of bilateral removal Episodic and Semantic Memory Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit) Memories Episodic Memory Conscious recollection of

SLIDE 1

Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D.

SLIDE 2

Medial Temporal Lobes

Henry Molaison (HM) (1926-2008)

Consequences of bilateral removal

SLIDE 3

Episodic and Semantic Memory

Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit) Memories

 Episodic Memory



“Conscious recollection of specific past events”; Spatial and temporal context

 Contrasted with Semantic Memory



Accumulated knowledge that is not tied to any particular event, time, or place, but is also subject to conscious recollection

 Flexibility  “Remembering” vs. “Knowing”  Rate of Acquisition



Latin for Arch

SLIDE 4

Autobiographical Memory

Is it episodic memory? Diary Studies (e.g., Linton, 1975): 5,500 events

 Memory for unique and emotional events  Preferential recording? Brewer’s (1988) Pager study

Childhood amnesia Reminiscence bump

SLIDE 5

Chickens and Eggs

Tulving

 Episodic depends on semantic

 Bransford & Johnson (1972)

Conway/Rajaram

 Episodic to semantic shift

Verfaellie/Neath

 Interdependent

SLIDE 6

Speaking of Chickens

“Episodic-like” memory in nonhumans?

 What-where-when (Crystal, 2010) Is this episodic or semantic?

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Encoding

Mere exposure

 BBC Radio announcement (Bekerian & Baddeley, 1980)  Memory for everyday events

Connections to existing memories

 Bransford & Johnson (1972) again.

LOP Recall

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Encoding

Levels of Processing (AKA Depth of Processing)

Craik & Tulving (1975) Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada (2007)

SLIDE 9

Problems with LOP

Vague Testing Bias & Transfer Appropriate Processing

 Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977)

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Context Dependent Memory

 Encoding Specificity  Godden & Baddeley (1975)  Transfer Appropriate Processing  Marsh’s bet  Studying for Exams  Advice from How High and

Eich et al. (1975) 

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Testing Memory

Free Recall

 What is the Latin word for arch?

Cued Recall

 What is the Latin word for arch?

F________

Recognition

 What is the Latin word for arch?

A. fenestra B. fornix
C. fundus

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Testing Effects

Why?

 Mere exposure sucks  TAP  Desirable difficulties (Soderstrom & Bjork, 2015)

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Memory Failures

Passive vs. Directed Forgetting

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Memory Failures

Interference

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Memory Failures

Reality/Source Monitoring

 DRM Paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995)  Theme Words  Schizophrenia  Cryptomnesia

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Memory Failures

DRM again  Loftus & Pickrell (1995)  Wade et al. (2002) Slate (online magazine) Innocence Project

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Making Lasting Memory

Consolidation and reconsolidation

 W. Estes’s perturbation model  Electroconvulsive shock and ECT

 Vulnerability of new and recently accessed memories

 transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

 Temporarily increases excitability, increases recall

SLIDE 18

Know Thyself

Metamemory

 Tip-of-the-tongue  Feelings of Knowing  Judgments of Learning

20 ♂ 20 ♀

STUDY

PAIRED- ASSOCIATES TEST

RTs to DK response

GENDER TEST 40 WORD PAIRS

TEST 1 TEST 2

IV: Instructions to learn Gender

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THE BRAIN

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Semantic Memory

Sensory vs. Association Cortices Specificity of Encoding

 Peanut vs. Banana (Thorpe, Rolls, & Maddison, 1983)  Steve Carell, Whoopie Goldberg, and Bill Clinton  Quiroga et al. (2005)

SLIDE 21

Semantic Memory

Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)

 Right lateral occitpital cortex (Downing et al., 2001)

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Medial Temporal Lobes

H.M. (surgery) & E.P. (viral encephalitis)

 Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia

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Necessity of Hippocampus

…to Semantic memory? Moderate vs. Severe damage to MTL

 Including damage to parahippocampal and perirhinal  Categorization using a prototype (Reed et al., 1999)  Parahippocampal area may provide spatial context

 Parahippocampal place area

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Observing Hippocampi in Action

Subsequent Memory Paradigm (Wagner et al., 1998)

 Greater activity in left hippocampus and left PFC for incidentally

encoded words that were later recalled.

 LOP Effects  False Memories

SLIDE 25

Hippos and Cortices

Consolidation and the Ribot gradient (1882) Standard Consolidation Theory vs. Multiple Trace Theory

 Predictions: Equal vs. Less Hippo activity for distant memories.

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Frontal Cortex

Remember the subsequent memory effects Deciding what to remember

 Directing encoding vs. Directing forgetting

Confabulation in frontal patients

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Other Important Structures

 Basal Forebrain



Nucleus Basalis & Medial Septal Nuclei



Anterior communicating artery aneurysm (ACoA) results in anterograde amnesia



Neuromodulators: GABA & acetylcholine

 Affect hippocampus via fornix  Damage to fornix 

Confabulation and source monitoring

 Diencephalon

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Mamillary Bodies & Mediodorsal Nucleus

f Thalamus



Korsakoff’s disease & thiamine



Temporally graded retrograde amnesia



May affect interaction of frontal cortex and hippocampus

SLIDE 28

Other Amnesias

Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)

 Concussions  Sex and other physically strenuous activities  Typically brief (loss of blood flow to hippocampus)

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Other Amnesias

Functional Amnesia

 As opposed to Organic Amnesia  Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.  EXTREMELY RARE  Schacter & P.N.’s amnesia following death of grandfather

 Identity loss but semantic memories intact.

 Faking?  PET Scan

 Abnormal activity in MTL and Diencephalon

 fMRI

 Akin to directed forgetting in PFC