Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D. Medial Temporal Lobes Henry Molaison (HM) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Arlo Clark-Foos, Ph.D.

Medial Temporal Lobes Henry Molaison (HM) (1926-2008) Consequences of bilateral removal

Episodic and Semantic Memory Endel Tulving on Declarative (Explicit) Memories  Episodic Memory “ Conscious recollection of specific past events ”; Spatial and temporal context   Contrasted with Semantic Memory Accumulated knowledge that is not tied to any particular event, time, or place,  but is also subject to conscious recollection  Flexibility  “Remembering” vs. “Knowing”  Rate of Acquisition Latin for Arch 

Autobiographical Memory  Is it episodic memory?  Diary Studies (e.g., Linton, 1975): 5,500 events  Memory for unique and emotional events  Preferential recording? Brewer’s (1988) Pager study  Childhood amnesia  Reminiscence bump

Chickens and Eggs  Tulving  Episodic depends on semantic  Bransford & Johnson (1972)  Conway/Rajaram  Episodic to semantic shift  Verfaellie/Neath  Interdependent

Speaking of Chickens  “Episodic - like” memory in nonhumans?  What-where-when (Crystal, 2010) Is this episodic or semantic?

Encoding  Mere exposure  BBC Radio announcement (Bekerian & Baddeley, 1980)  Memory for everyday events  Connections to existing memories  Bransford & Johnson (1972) again.  LOP Recall

Encoding  Levels of Processing (AKA Depth of Processing) Nairne, Thompson, Craik & Tulving (1975) Rogers, Kuiper, & Kirker (1977) & Pandeirada (2007)

Problems with LOP  Vague  Testing Bias & Transfer Appropriate Processing  Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977)

Context Dependent Memory  Encoding Specificity  Godden & Baddeley (1975)  Transfer Appropriate Processing  Marsh’s bet  Studying for Exams  Advice from How High and Eich et al. (1975) 

Testing Memory  Free Recall  What is the Latin word for arch?  Cued Recall  What is the Latin word for arch? F________  Recognition  What is the Latin word for arch? A. fenestra B. fornix C. fundus

Testing Effects  Why?  Mere exposure sucks  TAP  Desirable difficulties (Soderstrom & Bjork, 2015)

Memory Failures  Passive vs. Directed Forgetting

Memory Failures  Interference

Memory Failures  Reality/Source Monitoring  DRM Paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995)  Theme Words  Schizophrenia  Cryptomnesia

Memory Failures  DRM again  Loftus & Pickrell (1995)   Wade et al. (2002)  Slate (online magazine)  Innocence Project

Making Lasting Memory  Consolidation and reconsolidation  W. Estes’s perturbation model  Electroconvulsive shock and ECT  Vulnerability of new and recently accessed memories  transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)  Temporarily increases excitability, increases recall

Know Thyself  Metamemory  Tip-of-the-tongue  Feelings of Knowing  Judgments of Learning STUDY TEST 1 TEST 2 PAIRED- 40 WORD PAIRS ASSOCIATES GENDER TEST TEST 20 ♂ 20 ♀ IV: Instructions to learn Gender RTs to DK response

THE BRAIN

Semantic Memory  Sensory vs. Association Cortices  Specificity of Encoding  Peanut vs. Banana (Thorpe, Rolls, & Maddison, 1983)  Steve Carell, Whoopie Goldberg, and Bill Clinton  Quiroga et al. (2005)

Semantic Memory  Extrastriate Body Area (EBA)  Right lateral occitpital cortex (Downing et al., 2001)

Medial Temporal Lobes  H.M. (surgery) & E.P. (viral encephalitis)  Anterograde vs. Retrograde Amnesia

Necessity of Hippocampus …to Semantic memory? Moderate vs. Severe damage to MTL  Including damage to parahippocampal and perirhinal  Categorization using a prototype (Reed et al., 1999)  Parahippocampal area may provide spatial context  Parahippocampal place area

Observing Hippocampi in Action  Subsequent Memory Paradigm (Wagner et al., 1998)  Greater activity in left hippocampus and left PFC for incidentally encoded words that were later recalled.  LOP Effects  False Memories

Hippos and Cortices  Consolidation and the Ribot gradient (1882)  Standard Consolidation Theory vs. Multiple Trace Theory  Predictions: Equal vs. Less Hippo activity for distant memories.

Frontal Cortex  Remember the subsequent memory effects  Deciding what to remember  Directing encoding vs. Directing forgetting Confabulation in frontal patients

Other Important Structures  Basal Forebrain Nucleus Basalis & Medial Septal Nuclei  Anterior communicating artery aneurysm  (ACoA) results in anterograde amnesia Neuromodulators: GABA & acetylcholine   Affect hippocampus via fornix  Damage to fornix Confabulation and source monitoring   Diencephalon Mamillary Bodies & Mediodorsal Nucleus  of Thalamus Korsakoff’s disease & thiamine  Temporally graded retrograde amnesia  May affect interaction of frontal cortex  and hippocampus

Other Amnesias  Transient Global Amnesia (TGA)  Concussions  Sex and other physically strenuous activities  Typically brief (loss of blood flow to hippocampus)

Other Amnesias  Functional Amnesia  As opposed to Organic Amnesia  Dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.  EXTREMELY RARE  Schacter & P.N.’s amnesia following death of grandfather  Identity loss but semantic memories intact.  Faking?  PET Scan  Abnormal activity in MTL and Diencephalon  fMRI  Akin to directed forgetting in PFC