ARA Investor Presentation Q3 2019 Disclaimers Forward-Looking - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
ARA Investor Presentation Q3 2019 Disclaimers Forward-Looking - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
ARA Investor Presentation Q3 2019 Disclaimers Forward-Looking Statements This presentation contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities
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Disclaimers
Forward-Looking Statements
This presentation contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. These statements, which have been included in reliance on the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, involve risks and uncertainties and assumptions relating to our operations financial condition, business, prospects, growth strategy and liquidity, which may cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected by such forward-looking statements, and the Company cannot give assurances that such statements will prove to be correct. You can identify forward-looking statements because they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Terminology such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “contemplate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “may,” “objective,” “outlook,” “plan,” “potential,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “target” or “will” or variations of such words or similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain such terms. The forward-looking statements appear in a number of places throughout this presentation and include statements regarding our intentions, beliefs or current expectations concerning, among other things, our results of
- perations, financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies and the industry in which we operate. All forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including but not limited to those risks and
uncertainties described in “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, as updated by our reports on Form 10-Q filed or to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we expected. Some of the factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: the effect of the restatement of our previously issued financial results and the related securities and derivative litigation and related matters; our ability to remediate material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting; continuing decline in the number of patients with commercial insurance, including as a result of changes to the healthcare exchanges or changes in regulations or enforcement of regulations regarding the healthcare exchanges and challenges from commercial payors or any regulatory or other changes leading to changes in the ability of patients with commercial insurance coverage to receive charitable premium support; decline in commercial payor reimbursement rates; the ultimate resolution of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Interim Final Rule published December 14, 2016 related to dialysis facilities Conditions for Coverage (CMS 3337-IFC), including an issuance of a different but related Final Rule; reduction of government-based payor reimbursement rates or insufficient rate increases or adjustments that do not cover all of our operating costs; our ability to successfully develop de novo clinics, acquire existing clinics and attract new nephrologist partners; our ability to compete effectively in the dialysis services industry; the performance of our joint venture subsidiaries and their ability to make distributions to us; changes to the Medicare end-stage renal disease (“ESRD”) program that could affect reimbursement rates and evaluation criteria, as well as changes in Medicaid or other non-Medicare government programs or payment rates, including the ESRD prospective payment rate system final rule for 2020 issued October 31, 2019; federal or state healthcare laws that could adversely affect us; our ability to comply with all of the complex federal, state and local government regulations that apply to our business, including those in connection with federal and state anti-kickback laws and state laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine or fee-splitting; heightened federal and state investigations and enforcement efforts; the impact of the SEC investigation; changes in the availability and cost of erythropoietin-stimulating agents and other pharmaceuticals used in our business; changes in the reimbursement rates of the calcimimetics pharmaceutical class reimbursed under the Medicare Transitional Drug Add-on Payment Adjustment; development of new technologies or government regulation that could decrease the need for dialysis services or decrease our in-center patient population; our ability to timely and accurately bill for our services and meet payor billing requirements; claims and losses relating to malpractice, professional liability and other matters; the sufficiency of our insurance coverage for those claims and rising insurances costs; and negative publicity or reputational damage arising from such matters; loss of any members of our senior management; damage to our reputation or our brand and our ability to maintain brand recognition; our ability to maintain relationships with our medical directors and renew our medical director agreements; shortages of qualified skilled clinical personnel, or higher than normal turnover rates; competition and consolidation in the dialysis services industry; deteriorations in economic conditions, particularly in states where we operate a large number of clinics, or disruptions in the financial markets; the participation of our physician partners in material strategic and operating decisions and our ability to favorably resolve any disputes; our ability to honor obligations under the joint venture operating agreements with our physician partners were they to exercise certain put rights and other rights; unauthorized disclosure of personally identifiable, protected health or other sensitive or confidential information; our ability to meet
- ur obligations and comply with restrictions under our substantial level of indebtedness; and the ability of our principal stockholder, whose interests may conflict with yours, to strongly influence or effectively control our corporate
decisions. Investors are cautioned not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. The Company undertakes no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to the results prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) provided throughout this presentation, the Company has presented the following Non-GAAP financial measures: Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA less noncontrolling interests (“NCI”) and Adjusted owned net debt, which exclude various items detailed in the attached Appendix. These Non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to replace financial performance and liquidity measures determined in accordance with GAAP . Rather, they are presented as supplemental measures of the Company's performance and liquidity that management believes may enhance the evaluation of the Company's ongoing operating results.
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▪ Take good care of the patients and the financial success will follow ▪ Enable the nephrologist to practice as he / she deems appropriate ▪ Provide the nephrologist the autonomy to make operational decisions ▪ Acknowledge that clinic staff members are a critical and valuable asset; do everything possible to hire and retain the best possible staff ▪ Listen to the practitioners and provide the tools needed to take excellent care of their patients ▪ The corporate office works for our staff, our doctors and our patients
Our Core Values
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American Renal Associates at a Glance(1)
244 Clinics Serving more than 17,100 Patients Partnerships with ~400 Local Nephrologists Operating in 27 States and the District of Columbia
American Renal Associates Financial Profile
Net Revenue: $806 million (2018A)
- Adj. EBITDA-NCI: $90 million (2018A)*
Normalized Treatment Growth: 6.1% & NAG: 5.0% (2018A)(2)
(1) As of September 30, 2019. (2) Normalized for clinic sales and treatment days. NAG represents normalized non-acquired treatment growth. *See Appendix for Definitions and Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
At a Glance: Largest Dialysis Services Provider in the U.S. Focused on the Physician Partnership Model
5 Joseph A. Carlucci Syed T. Kamal Don Williamson, M.D. Mark Herbers Darren Lehrich Co-Founder, CEO and Chairman
▪ Co-founded ARA in 1999 ▪ President and CEO
- f Optimal Renal
Care ▪ VP of Administration, Fresenius Medical Care ▪ Director of U.S. Operations, Fresenius Medical Care ▪ Regional Manager, Fresenius Medical Care ▪ Facility Administrator, Fresenius Medical Care
Co-Founder, President and Director
▪ Co-founded ARA in 1999 ▪ President, Southern Business Unit, Fresenius Medical Care ▪ VP of Operations, N. America, Fresenius Medical Care ▪ Director of Operations, International, Fresenius Medical Care ▪ Regional Manager, Mid-Atlantic & Southeast, Fresenius Medical Care
EVP and COO
▪ ARA Physician Partner since 2002 ▪ ARA Chief Medical Officer since 2011 ▪ Practicing Nephrologist for 26 years ▪ President, CEO, and Managing Partner of Nephrology Associates P.C. ▪ Co-founder, CEO, and Managing Partner of Kinetic Decision Solutions LLC ▪ Member of ESRD Advisory Council
Interim CFO
▪ Joined ARA in 2019 ▪ Director, Alix Partners since 2014 ▪ Managing Director FTI Consulting from 2004-2014 ▪ Significant consulting, revenue cycle, reimbursement and financial leadership experience in other health care
- rganizations
SVP, Strategy & Investor Relations
▪ Joined ARA in 2015 ▪ Managing Director, Deutsche Bank ▪ Managing Director, Piper Jaffray & Co. ▪ Vice President, SunTrust Robinson Humphrey ▪ Vice President, Furman Selz
American Renal Associates' Senior Management Team
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Normalized Total Treatment Growth Normalized Non-Acquired Treatment Growth
13.1% 15.4% 12.0% 8.8% 6.1% 6.2% 7.7% 2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A
(1) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1) Normalized for clinic sales and treatment days. (2) Normalized for clinic sales, treatment days, and 2017 Hurricanes.
12.4% 11.7% 11.4% 8.6% 5.0% 5.2% 5.6% 2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A
(1) (2) (1) (1) (1)
Treatment Volume Growth
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▪ Relationship with high quality nephrologists ▪ Well trained and compassionate clinical staff ▪ Convenient location and flexible scheduling capability ▪ Continuity of staff that enhances trust and patient interaction ▪ State of the art amenities and cleanliness of facilities
Why Patients Choose ARA Clinics
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Net Patient Service Operating Revenues Per Treatment 2018A Commercial Treatment Mix Accelerated Contracting Efforts YTD September 2019A Commercial Treatment Mix ▪ In-network treatment volume expected to represent ~80% of commercial treatments in 2019, up from ~60% in 2018 ▪ 2019 commercial treatment mix expected to be flat to slightly down as compared to 2018
$358 $369 $378 $333 $349 $350 $337 2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A 12% 88% Commercial Government 12% 88% Commercial Government
Note: Commercial treatment mix excludes VA treatments.
Revenue per Treatment and Mix Trends
Financial and Operational Review Q3 2019
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New Physician Partners Existing Physician Partners
Partner Satisfaction Attractive Growth Patient Satisfaction Brand Recognition in Nephrology Community Clinical Autonomy Comprehensive Clinic Management Services
Success with De Novo Clinic Openings
Note: Figures for clinic openings are January 1, 2014 through September 30, 2019.
56 28
Clinics with New Partners Since 2014 Clinics with Existing Partners Since 2014
Total: 84 Clinics
De Novo Clinics
11 5 7 3 5 9 5 11 12 7 8 12 16 17 15 16 20 15 13 5 2 5 5 1 3 5 2 3 3 3 6 5 11 2 2 3 1 2 1 7 12 8 6 12 10 13 12 10 11 15 22 22 26 18 22 18 14 7 De Novo Acquired 2000A 2001A 2002A 2003A 2004A 2005A 2006A 2007A 2008A 2009A 2010A 2011A 2012A 2013A 2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep 2019A
▪ ARA’s development is driven by its reputation in the Nephrology community: – Through De Novo growth in new markets – Through De Novo expansion in existing local markets – Through selectively acquiring majority ownership in other dialysis clinics
1 8 19 27 31 43 53 64 75 83 93 108 129 150 175 192 214 228 241 244 Cumulative Clinic Growth Since Inception De Novo 202 Acquired 64 Sold
- 11
Closed
- 1
Merged
- 10
Total 244
Development Track Record
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Net Patient Service Operating Revenues Adjusted EBITDA *
Notes: $ in millions. Figures may not sum due to rounding. * See Appendix for Definitions and Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
$559 $667 $767 $729 $806 $824 2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A LTM Sep 2019A $103 $121 $131 $98 $90 $89 $66 $81 $99 $63 $51 $43 $169 $201 $229 $161 $141 $132 Adj EBITDA-NCI * NCI 2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A LTM Sep 2019A
Historical Net Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA
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(1) Cost per treatment (CPT) includes patient care expense and G&A expense and excludes executive severance and expense related to the modification of options, other transactions at the time of the IPO (“Modification Expense”), and gains or losses on sales. (2) Normalized for clinic sales and treatment days. (3) Normalized for clinic sales, treatment days, and 2017 Hurricanes.
Patients Operating Net Revenue & Cost per Treatment Treatments Normalized Non-Acquired Treatment Growth
11,581 13,151 14,590 15,637 16,543
2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A
$358 $369 $378 $333 $349 $252 $260 $266 $262 $291
RPT CPT
2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A
(1)
1,563,802 1,804,910 2,027,423 2,191,172 2,311,037
2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A
12.4% 11.7% 11.4% 8.6% 5.0%
2014A 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A
(2) (3) (2)
Annual Operating Performance Trends: 2014A – 2018A
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5.0% 5.7% 5.2% 5.6% 1.1% 2.2% 1.0% 2.1% 6.1% 7.9% 6.2% 7.7%
Normalized Non-Acquired Treatment Growth Normalized Acquired Treatment Growth
Q3' 2018A Q3' 2019A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A
(1) Normalized for clinic sales and treatment days. (2) Cost per treatment (CPT) includes patient care expense and G&A expense, excludes executive severance and expense related to the modification of options, other transactions at the time of the IPO (“Modification Expense”), and gains or losses on sales. * See Appendix for Definitions and Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
Normalized Treatment Growth Operating Net Revenue & Cost / Treatment Net Revenue ($ in 000s) Adjusted EBITDA-NCI * ($ in 000s)
$355 $338 $350 $337 $295 $279 $291 $287
RPT CPT
Q3' 2018A Q3' 2019A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A
(1) (1) (1) (1)
$205,719 $211,429 $597,970 $616,443 Q3' 2018A Q3' 2019A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A $23,250 $26,455 $65,312 $64,635 Q3' 2018A Q3' 2019A YTD Sep 2018A YTD Sep 2019A
(2)
Quarterly Operating Performance Trends: Q3 2019A vs. Q3 2018A and YTD September 2019A vs. YTD September 2018A
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Net Revenue ($ in 000s) Adjusted EBITDA-NCI * ($ in 000s)
Cash Flow from Operations Distributions to Non- Controlling Interests Routine Capital Expenditures
▪ Restatement process has impacted YTD 2019 CFFO due to higher legal and professional fees, credit agreement amendment costs, as well as other factors. ▪ Should closely approximate NCI from the income statement over long-term.
Development Capital Expenditures
▪ Routine capex 0.5% to 1% of net revenue (expected 2019). ▪ Development capex ~2% of net revenue (expected 2019).
$134 $172 $129 $106 $84 $35 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep-18A YTD Sep-19A $79 $94 $79 $71 $55 $40 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep-18A YTD Sep-19A $11 $13 $6 $12 $9 $4 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep-18A YTD Sep-19A $35 $48 $30 $33 $20 $14 2015A 2016A 2017A 2018A YTD Sep-18A YTD Sep-19A
Cash Flow
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Leverage Ratio (1) *
Note: Numbers may not add due to rounding. (1) Leverage Ratio defined as (Total Owned Debt – Total Owned Cash) / LTM Adjusted EBITDA – NCI. Owned debt includes ARA’s guaranteed portion of clinic-level debt and owned cash includes ARA’s proportionate interest of clinic-level cash. * See Appendix for Definitions and Reconciliations of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.
4.7x 5.2x 5.7x 5.9x 5.6x 2017A 2018A March 2019A June 2019A September 2019A ($ in millions) Leverage Ratio * as of September 30, 2019 Total ARA ARA "Owned" Cash (other than clinic-level cash) $27.6 $27.6 Clinic-level cash 32.6 17.5 Total Cash $60.2 $45.1 Debt (other than clinic-level debt) $496.2 $496.2 Clinic-level debt 110.5 59.4 Unamortized debt discount and fees (13.3) (13.1) Total Debt $593.4 $542.4 Adjusted Owned Net Debt (total debt - total cash) $497.4 Adjusted EBITDA less NCI, LTM * $89.3 Leverage Ratio (1) * 5.6x
Selected Balance Sheet Highlights
Appendix
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Note: (1) See “Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures.” (2) The three months ended March 31, 2017 excludes expenses related to the modification of options and other transactions at the time of the IPO (“Modification Expense”), the three months ended June 30, 2017 excludes Modification Expense and severance expenses, and the three months ended September 30, 2019 excludes severance expenses. (3) The three months ended March 31, 2017 excludes Modification Expense, the three months ended June 30, 2017 excludes Modification Expense, severance expenses, and a gain on sale of clinics, the three months ended September 30, 2017 excludes a gain on sale of clinics, the three months ended December 31, 2017 excludes a loss on sale of clinics, the three months ended March 31, 2018 excludes a gain on sale of clinics, the three months ended March 31, 2019 excludes severance expense and a gain on sale of clinics, the three months ended June 30, 2019 excludes severance expense, and the the three months ended Sept 30, 2019 excludes a bonus adjustment for prior years, a gain on sale of clinics, and severance expense adjustments.
Summary Quarterly Financial Data: Three Months Ended 2017 2018 2019 $ in millions
March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 Net patient service operating revenues $ 176.3 $ 177.5 $ 187.9 $ 187.3 $ 186.3 $ 206.0 $ 205.7 $ 207.8 $ 191.8 $ 213.3 $ 211.4 Net income (loss) 11.8 9.8 25.8 10.8 7.2 (8.4) 12.5 11.2 (5.1) 5.1 17.0 Adjusted EBITDA including noncontrolling interests
(1)
34.8 37.4 46.9 41.7 28.3 40.0 36.5 36.5 19.2 37.6 38.7 Less: Noncontrolling interests (13.9) (14.8) (18.3) (15.7) (11.0) (15.3) (13.2) (11.7) (5.3) (13.3) (12.3) Adjusted EBITDA-NCI
(2)
21.0 22.5 28.6 26.0 17.3 24.8 23.3 24.7 13.9 24.3 26.5
Summary Quarterly Operating Data: Three Months Ended 2017 2018 2019 $ in millions
March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 Treatments 531,220 542,749 551,258 565,945 558,936 572,929 578,982 600,190 591,365 614,844 625,684 Normalized total treatment growth 11.5% 8.9% 7.5% 7.3% 6.3% 6.3% 6.1% 5.6% 7.2% 7.9% 7.9% Net patient service operating revenues per treatment: $ 332 $ 327 $ 341 $ 331 $ 333 $ 359 $ 355 $ 346 $ 324 $ 347 $ 338 Adjusted patient care costs per treatment
(2):
$ 223 $ 217 $ 217 $ 220 $ 240 $ 247 $ 252 $ 247 $ 251 $ 249 $ 247 Adjusted general and administrative expenses per treatment
(3):
$ 45 $ 43 $ 40 $ 40 $ 45 $ 46 $ 43 $ 42 $ 44 $ 39 $ 32 Total adjusted costs per treatment $ 268 $ 261 $ 258 $ 260 $ 285 $ 293 $ 295 $ 289 $ 294 $ 287 $ 279
Appendix
Historical Quarterly Financial and Operating Data
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In addition to the results prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) provided in this press release, the Company has presented the following Non-GAAP financial measures: Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA-NCI and its leverage ratio, which is calculated using Adjusted EBITDA-NCI and Adjusted owned net debt, which exclude various items detailed below. These Non-GAAP financial measures are not intended to replace financial performance and liquidity measures determined in accordance with GAAP. Rather, they are presented as supplemental measures of the Company's performance and liquidity that management believes may enhance the evaluation of the Company's ongoing operating results. We use Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI to track our performance. “Adjusted EBITDA” is defined as net income before stock-based compensation and associated payroll taxes, depreciation and amortization, interest expense, net, income taxes and other non-income-based tax, as adjusted for transaction-related costs, loss on early extinguishment of debt, change in fair value of income tax receivable agreement, certain legal and other matters, executive and management severance costs, gain or loss on sale or closure of clinics and management fees. “Adjusted EBITDA-NCI” is defined as Adjusted EBITDA less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. We believe Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI provide information useful for evaluating our business and a further understanding of our results of operations from management’s perspective. We believe Adjusted EBITDA is helpful in highlighting trends because Adjusted EBITDA excludes certain expenses that can differ significantly from company to company depending on, among other things, long-term strategic decisions regarding capital structure, the tax jurisdictions in which companies operate, or that we believe do not reflect our core business operations. We believe Adjusted EBITDA-NCI is helpful in highlighting the amount of Adjusted EBITDA that is available to us after reflecting the interests of our joint venture partners. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI are not measures of operating performance computed in accordance with GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for operating income, net income, cash flows from operations, or other statement of operations or cash flow data prepared in conformity with GAAP, or as measures of profitability or liquidity. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI may not be comparable to similarly titled measures
- f other companies, and differ from the calculation of “Consolidated EBITDA” under our credit agreement. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI may not be indicative of
historical operating results, and we do not mean for these items to be predictive of future results of operations or cash flows. Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI have limitations as analytical tools, and they should not be considered in isolation, or as substitutes for an analysis of our results as reported under GAAP . Some of these limitations are that Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA-NCI: do not include stock-based compensation expense and associated payroll taxes; do not include depreciation and amortization-because construction and operation of our dialysis clinics requires significant capital expenditures, depreciation and amortization are a necessary element of our costs and our ability to generate profits; do not include interest expense—as we have borrowed money for general corporate and facility purposes, interest expense is a necessary element of our costs and ability to generate profits and cash flows; do not include income tax expense or benefits and other non-income based taxes; do not include transaction-related costs; do not include loss on early extinguishment of debt; do not include change in fair value of income tax receivable agreement; do not include costs related to certain legal and other matters; executive and management severance costs; do not reflect the gain or loss on sale or closure of clinics; and do not include certain management advisory fees. In addition, Adjusted EBITDA is not adjusted for the portion of earnings that we distribute to our joint venture partners. We use Adjusted owned net debt because we believe it is a useful metric to evaluate the Company’s share of interests in the cash on our consolidated balance sheet and the debt of the Company. “Adjusted owned net debt” is defined as debt (other than clinic-level debt) plus clinic-level debt guaranteed by our wholly owned subsidiaries less unamortized debt discounts and fees less cash (other than clinic-level cash) less the Company’s pro rata interest in clinic-level cash.
Appendix
Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
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Note: Figures may not sum due to rounding. (1) Last twelve months (“LTM”) is the period beginning October 1, 2018 through September 30, 2019. (2) Certain legal and other matters include legal fees and other expenses associated with matters that we believe do not reflect our core business operations, including, but not limited to, our handling of, and response to the following: the United litigation and settlement; the SEC investigation and related Audit Committee review and restatement process; the securities and derivative litigation related to the foregoing; our internal review and analysis of factual and legal issues relating to the aforementioned matters; and legal fees and other expenses relating to matters that we believe do not reflect our core business operations.
Reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Three Months Ended
LTM
(1)
September 30, 2019
Adjusted EBITDA 2017 2018 2019 (Dollars in millions)
March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 December 31 March 31 June 30 September 30 Net income (loss) $ 11.8 $ 9.8 $ 25.8 $ 10.8 $ 7.2 $ (8.4) $ 12.5 $ 11.2 $ (5.1) $ 5.1 $ 17.0 $ 28.2 Stock-based compensation and associated payroll taxes 10.1 3.9 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.4 0.9 1.0 4.9 Depreciation and amortization 9.1 9.4 9.4 9.7 9.6 9.8 10.0 10.3 10.1 10.3 10.2 40.9 Interest expense, net 7.6 7.2 7.3 7.3 7.5 8.1 8.2 8.8 8.8 11.5 12.2 41.3 Income tax expense (benefit) and other non-income based tax (3.1) (1.8) 3.8 10.9 (3.1) (2.0) (0.1) 8.6 0.8 0.9 (11.2) (0.9) Transaction-related costs — 0.7 — — 0.9 — — — — — — — Loss on early extinguishment of debt — 0.5 — — — — — — — — — — Change in fair value of income tax receivable (4.5) 2.6 (3.6) (1.8) 1.0 (1.7) 3.5 (5.4) (1.7) 0.3 — (6.8) Certain legal and other matters
(2)
3.9 4.3 3.5 3.5 4.1 32.5 1.0 1.4 5.3 8.4 9.6 24.7 Executive and management severance costs — 0.9 — — — — — — 0.2 0.2 — 0.5 (Gain) loss on sale or closure of clinics — (0.3) (0.3) — (0.3) — — — (0.5) — (0.3) (0.8) Management fees — — — — — — — — — — — — Adjusted EBITDA (including noncontrolling interests) 34.8 37.4 46.9 41.7 28.3 40.0 36.5 36.5 19.2 37.6 38.7 132.0 Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (13.9) (14.8) (18.3) (15.7) (11.0) (15.3) (13.2) (11.7) (5.3) (13.3) (12.3) (42.6) Adjusted EBITDA-NCI $ 21.0 $ 22.5 $ 28.6 $ 26.0 $ 17.3 $ 24.8 $ 23.3 $ 24.7 $ 13.9 $ 24.3 $ 26.5 $ 89.3
Appendix
Quarterly Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA less NCI
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Note: Figures may not sum due to rounding. (1) Certain legal and other matters include legal fees and other expenses associated with matters that we believe do not reflect our core business operations, including, but not limited to, our handling of, and response to the following: the United litigation and settlement; the SEC Investigation and related Audit Committee review and restatement process; the securities and derivative litigation related to the foregoing; our internal review and analysis of factual and legal issues relating to the aforementioned matters; and legal fees and other expenses relating to matters that we believe do not reflect our core business operations.
Reconciliation of Net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA Year Ended December 31, (Dollars in millions) 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Net income (loss) $ 82.7 $ 99.9 $ 101.7 $ 58.1 $ 22.5 Stock-based compensation and associated payroll taxes 1.0 1.5 40.3 16.4 5.9 Depreciation and amortization 28.5 31.8 33.9 37.6 39.8 Interest expense, net 44.1 45.4 36.0 29.3 32.6 Income tax expense (benefit) and other non-income based tax 10.5 19.0 2.8 9.8 3.4 Transaction-related costs — 2.1 2.2 0.7 0.9 Loss on early extinguishment of debt — — 4.7 0.5 — Change in fair value of income tax receivable — — (1.3) (7.2) (2.7) Certain legal and other matters (1) — — 6.8 15.2 39.1 Executive and management severance costs — — 1.7 0.9 — (Gain) loss on sale or closure of clinics 0.1 — — (0.5) (0.3) Management fees 1.6 1.8 0.5 — — Adjusted EBITDA (including noncontrolling interests) 168.5 201.4 229.2 160.9 141.3 Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (65.8) (80.5) (98.5) (62.7) (51.2) Adjusted EBITDA-NCI $ 102.7 $ 120.9 $ 130.7 $ 98.1 $ 90.0