Approche d’apprentissage automatique pour l’annotation automatique des événements
- Dr. Rim Faiz
IHEC de Carthage
Rim.Faiz@ihec.rnu.tn
Colloque LaLICC 27 – 28 octobre 2006
Approche dapprentissage automatique pour lannotation automatique - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Approche dapprentissage automatique pour lannotation automatique des vnements Dr. Rim Faiz IHEC de Carthage Rim.Faiz@ihec.rnu.tn Colloque LaLICC 27 28 octobre 2006 Plan Introduction Quelques mthodes dannotation
Colloque LaLICC 27 – 28 octobre 2006
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Prolifération des articles de Presse sur le Web Diversité de leurs sources (Reuters, Aljazeera,
Un traitement automatique de leurs contenus devient de
Quotidiennement des milliers d’articles sont produits dans
Nous proposons de développer une approche qui
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Annotation : information graphique ou textuelle
Dans notre cas, l’annotation est une description des
Nous proposons un processus permettant d’extraire
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Traiter des pages web en formats XML Expliciter les connaissances associées à une
Permet la recherche multilingue
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1.
2.
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Approche pour l’annotation des documents qui
L’approche permet d’annoter directement une
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Annotea fait partie des tentatives du Semantic
Les annotations sont stockées sur des serveurs en
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Notion de points de vue (extraction, filtrage,
Fouille de textes par catégorie sémantique Recherche d’information discursives et sémantiques
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Annotation des documents (documents web, articles
Annotation des informations temporelles
La détection de dates et de marqueurs temporels Le repérage d’événements (Event Extraction) Datation d’événements Détermination de l’ordre des événements dans un
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Annotation automatique d’informations temporelles
Particulièrement les relations entre événements
Proposition de deux mesures d’évaluation de
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Annotation des événements ?
Annotation de relations entres les événements Annotation sous forme de méta-données sur les
Notre approche d’annotation des événements
Extraire les événements (phrases événementielles). Grouper celles qui font référence à un même événement
Déduire l’annotation sous différentes formes.
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Articles bruts TAL
Ph1 ; Ph2 ; … …… Ph1 ; Ph2 ; … …… Ph1 ; Ph2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … ……
Classification
PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … ……
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Clustering
PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 PEv3 PEV7 PEV2 PEv4 PEV6 PEV5 PEv9 PEV10 PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 PEv3 PEV7 PEV2 PEv4 PEV6 PEV5 PEv9 PEV10 PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… PEV1 PEv3 PEV7 PEV2 PEv4 PEV6 PEV5 PEv9 PEV10 PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… Description PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… Description PEV1 ; PEv2 ; … …… Description
Annotation Keyword: Killed Location: Baghdad Time/date: 2 p.m Person: U.S. soldier Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die.
Deserter, war, Iraq
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Segmentation du texte en phrases (exp.
Identification des phrases en utilisation le module
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Un modèle de classification est construit automatiquement
Prédire si une phrase contient un événement ou non
Comparaison des PCC (Pourcentage des Classes bien
Choisir le modèle de données résultant qui dispose du plus
Le résultat de cette étape est l’ensemble des phrases
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Nous utilisons les attributs qui se rapportent aux
Ces attributs sont les suivants :
longueur de la phrase, position de la phrase dans le document, nombre de lettres capitales, nombre de caractères (stopwords), nombre de noms de villes (city/town), nombre de marques numériques dans la phrase, Nombre de termes calendaires.
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L’ensemble de l’apprentissage (training set) est
Pour chaque article de Presse, les événements sont
Les annotateurs sont amenés à assigner des étiquettes à
Si une phrase se rapporte à un événement, ils lui
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RandomTree ========== NbNumérique < 1 | NbStopwords < 5 | | Long < 172 | | | NbCity < 1 | | | | Long < 118 | | | | | NbMot < 9 : no (6/0) | | | | | NbMot >= 9 | | | | | | NbCapitale < 2 | | | | | | | NbMot < 11 | | | | | | | | Long < 56 : yes (1/0) | | | | | | | | Long >= 56 : no (1/0) | | | | | | | NbMot >= 11 : no (3/0) | | | | | | NbCapitale >= 2 : no (4/0) | | | | Long >= 118 | | | | | NbStopwords < 2 : yes (1/0) | | | | | NbStopwords >= 2 : no (1/0) | | | NbCity >= 0.5 | | | | NbCapitale < 1 : yes (2/0) | | | | NbCapitale >= 1 : no (4/0) | | Long >= 172 : yes (1/0) | NbStopwords >= 5 : yes (1/0) NbNumérique >= 1 : yes (10/0)
Weka 3-4 Correctly Classified Instances 23 65.7143 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 12 34.2857 % Kappa statistic 0.2953 Mean absolute error 0.3429 Root mean squared error 0.5855 Relative absolute error 68.8027 % Root relative squared error 117.0862 % Total Number of Instances 35 === Detailed Accuracy By Class === TP Rate FP Rate Precision Recall F-Measure Class 0.5 0.211 0.667 0.5 0.571 yes 0.789 0.5 0.652 0.789 0.714 no === Confusion Matrix === a b <-- classified as 8 8 | a = yes 4 15 | b = no
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NbCapitale < 7 | NbCity < 1 | | NbNumérique < 1 | | | NbMot < 22 | | | | NbStopwords < 2 | | | | | NbCapitale < 2 | | | | | | NbMot < 11 | | | | | | | Position < 0.87 : no (3/0) | | | | | | | Position >= 0.87 : yes (1/0) | | | | | | NbMot >= 11 : no (3/0) | | | | | NbCapitale >= 2 : no (3/0) | | | | NbStopwords >= 2 : no (5/0) | | | NbMot >= 22 | | | | Position < 0.57 : no (1/0) | | | | Position >= 0.57 : yes (1/0) | | NbNumérique >= 1 : yes (1/0) | NbCity >= 0.5 | | NbCalendrier < 1 | | | NbNumérique < 1 | | | | Position < 0.32 : no (2/0) | | | | Position >= 0.32 | | | | | NbStopwords <2 | | | | | | Long < 56 : yes (1/0) | | | | | | Long >= 56 : no (2/0) | | | | | NbStopwords >= 2 : yes (2/0) | | | NbNumérique >= 1 : yes (2/0) | | NbCalendrier >= 1 : yes (5/0) NbCapitale >= 7 : yes (3/0)
Weka 3-4 Correctly Classified Instances 24 68.5714 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 11 31.4286 % Kappa statistic 0.3636 Mean absolute error 0.3143 Root mean squared error 0.5606 Relative absolute error 63.0691 % Root relative squared error 112.1015 % Total Number of Instances 35 === Detailed Accuracy By Class === TP Rate FP Rate Precision Recall F-Measure Class 0.625 0.263 0.667 0.625 0.645 yes 0.737 0.375 0.7 0.737 0.718 no === Confusion Matrix === a b <-- classified as 10 6 | a = yes 5 14 | b = no
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NbNumérique <= 0 | NbCity <= 0 | | Position <= 0.86: no (15.0) | | Position > 0.86: yes (2.0) | NbCity > 0 | | NbCapitale <= 1: yes (2.0) | | NbCapitale > 1 | | | NbCapitale <= 4: no (3.0) | | | NbCapitale > 4: yes (3.0/1.0) NbNumérique > 0: yes (10.0)
Weka 3-4 Correctly Classified Instances 25 71.4286 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 10 28.5714 % Kappa statistic 0.4186 Mean absolute error 0.2716 Root mean squared error 0.4859 Relative absolute error 54.4961 % Root relative squared error 97.1658 % Total Number of Instances 35 === Detailed Accuracy By Class === TP Rate FP Rate Precision Recall F-Measure Class 0.625 0.211 0.714 0.625 0.667 yes 0.789 0.375 0.714 0.789 0.75 no === Confusion Matrix === a b <-- classified as 10 6 | a = yes 4 15 | b = no
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(1)NbNumérique < 1: 0.584 | (2)Position < 0.385: 0.964 | (2)Position >= 0.385: -0.29 | | (5)NbMot < 10: 0.586 | | (5)NbMot >= 10: -0.311 | | | (8)Long < 148: -0.396 | | | (8)Long >= 148: 0.104 (1)NbNumérique >=1: -1.668 (3)NbCity < 1: 0.381 | (4)Position < 0.885: 1.424 | (4)Position >= 0.885: -1.262 (3)NbCity >= 1: -0.543 | (6)NbStopwords < 2: 0.279 | | (7)Position < 0.615: -0.366 | | (7)Position >= 0.615: 0.543 | (6)NbStopwords >= 2: -0.47 Legend: -ve = yes, +ve = no
Weka 3-4 Correctly Classified Instances 26 74.2857 % Incorrectly Classified Instances 9 25.7143 % Kappa statistic 0.4741 Mean absolute error 0.2901 Root mean squared error 0.4188 Relative absolute error 58.215 % Root relative squared error 83.7538 % Total Number of Instances 35 === Detailed Accuracy By Class === TP Rate FP Rate Precision Recall F-Measure Class 0.625 0.158 0.769 0.625 0.69 yes 0.842 0.375 0.727 0.842 0.78 no === Confusion Matrix === a b <-- classified as 10 6 | a = yes 3 16 | b = no
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Nous regroupons les phrases référant aux mêmes
HAC assigne initialement chaque objet à un
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HAC utilise une mesure de similarité entre les
Nous adoptons le critère d'arrêt qui est le seuil de
L’application de HAC tient compte de la position
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En utilisant l’agorithme MDI (Thollard, Dupont et
Les états correspondent aux étiquettes d'événements. Les transitions correspondent aux phrases adjacentes
Les paramètres de l’automate sont dégagés par
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tf–idf weight (term frequency–inverse document
tf exprime la fréquence d’un terme ti dans un
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idf est l’importance générale du terme
|D| : nombre total des documents dans le corpus
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t 1 2 1 1 1 t t 2 2 1 2 1 1
j j j j j j j
= = =
i i
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La première méthode (Automate à états finis) est trop
La deuxième méthode est efficace mais ne tient pas
Extension de tf-idf :
nous représentons la position d’une phrase dans un article
Nous utilisons une ontologie afin de tenir compte des
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t 1 2 1 1 1 t t 2 2 1 2 1 1
j j j j j j j
= = =
Pour n cluster nous avons Combinaison possible entre eux = 1+2+3+ …+n
1 2 1 2 1 2
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Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15.
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C1 Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. C2 On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. C3 One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. C4 U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m C5 In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. C6 Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15. FSIM (C1, C2) = 1.07 FSIM (C1, C3) = 0.12 FSIM (C1, C4) = 0.1 FSIM (C1, C5) = 0.05 FSIM (C1, C6) = 0.02 FSIM (C2, C3) = 0.08 FSIM (C2, C4) = 0.1 FSIM (C2, C5) = 0.32 FSIM (C2, C6) = 0.36 FSM (C3, C4) = 0.84 FSIM (C3, C5) = 0.28 FSIM (C3, C6) = 0.23 FSIM (C4, C5) = 0.19 FSIM (C4, C6) = 0.15 FSIM (C5, C6) = 0.79
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Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. CA On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. C3 One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. C4 U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m C5 In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. C6 Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15. FSIM (CA, C3) = 0.27 FSIM (CA, C4) = 0.21 FSIM (CA, C5) = 0.12 FSIM (CA, C3) = 0.16 FSM (C3, C4) = 0.73 FSIM (C3, C5) = 0.19 FSIM (C3, C6) = 0.11 FSIM (C4, C5) = 0.13 FSIM (C4, C6) = 0.15 FSIM (C5, C6) = 0.63
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Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. CA On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. CB One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m C5 In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. C6 Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15. FSIM (CA, CB) = 0.14 FSIM (CA, C5) = 0.07 FSIM (CA, C6) = 0.09 FSIM (CB, C5) = 0.03 FSIM (CB, C5) = 0.05 FSIM (C5, C6) = 0.56
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Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. CA On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. CB One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m CC In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15. FSIM (CA, CB) = 0.11 FSIM (CA, CC) = 0.07 FSIM (CB, CC) = 0.09
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La phrase qui annote le mieux le cluster est celle
Il n’y a pas beaucoup de perte d’information
Une telle annotation peut être indexée pour
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Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. CA On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. CB One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m CC In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15. Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said.
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Structurer l’annotation contenant les attributs suivants : Keyword: Killed Location: Eastern Baghdad Time/date: 2 p.m Person: One U.S. soldier
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Iraqi leader denies civil war as 50 people die. CA On a day in which at least 50 people were killed, Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki said he did not foresee a civil war in Iraq and that violence in his country was abating. In Iraq, we'll never be in civil war," al-Maliki told CNN's "Late Edition" on Sunday. CB One U.S. soldier was killed by gunfire in eastern Baghdad about 2 p.m. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m "This has to do with the -- with our success of the democratic -- or the political process in Iraq, and to have the security agencies to protect this process."
Maliki's assessment of the state of affairs in Iraq, saying the country was "on the verge of civil war right now," if not already involved in one. Levin, the ranking Democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, called for the United States to set a date to begin withdrawing its forces. U.S. commander wounded since 1 p.m CC In Baquba, two separate shooting incidents Sunday afternoon left six dead and 15 wounded, officials said. Two car bombings in the northern city of Kirkuk killed 10 and wounded 32, and a blast in the southern city of Basra killed five and injured 15. Keyword: Killed Location: Iraq Time/date : on a day Person: 50 people Keyword: Killed Location: Eastern Baghdad Time/date: 2 p.m Person: One U.S. soldier Keyword: dead and wounded Location: Baghdad Time/date: Sunday Person: One U.S. soldier
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