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Advanced RF-KO excitation methods for high quality spills Slow Extraction Workshop 2019, Fermilab, July 22nd-24th 2019 Fiona Faber Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center Overview HIT-Facility Accelerator RF-KO Examined

  1. Advanced RF-KO excitation methods for high quality spills Slow Extraction Workshop 2019, Fermilab, July 22nd-24th 2019 Fiona Faber Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center

  2. Overview • HIT-Facility • Accelerator • RF-KO • Examined excitation methods • Simulated micro spill structure • Extraction process • Experimental results F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 2

  3. Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center Cancer therapy using p and C-ions Particle energy defining depth in matter Irradiating tumor slice by slice Slow extraction used for scanning the tumor 668 patients in 2018 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 3

  4. HIT-Facility Treatment: p (~10 10 particles/spill), C (~10 8 particles/spill) Experiments: p, He, C, O Synchrotron, 3 Ion sources (48 - 430 MeV/u) Linac (7 MeV/u) 3 treatment rooms High energy beam transport Gantry Beam dump Experimental area F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 4

  5. Extraction method RF-KO • Excitation of 3rd order resonance • Triangular stable phase space area is formed (separatrix) • Optical elements constant during extraction • Increase of transversal emittance with RF-signal • The signal of the excitation function defines the quality of the spill K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 374 (1996) F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 5

  6. Extraction method RF-KO • Excitation of 3rd order resonance • Triangular stable phase space area is formed (separatrix) • Optical elements constant during extraction • Increase of transversal emittance with RF-signal • The signal of the excitation function defines the quality of the spill K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 374 (1996) F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 6

  7. Extraction method RF-KO • Excitation of 3rd order resonance • Triangular stable phase space area is formed (separatrix) • Optical elements constant during extraction • Increase of transversal emittance with RF-signal • The signal of the excitation function defines the quality of the spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 7

  8. Intensity feedback loop • Intensity feedback loop Exciter enables controlled mean extraction rates (PID) Ionization chambers • Higher average intensity -> faster irradiation • Less machine tuning • Fast variation of extraction rates C. Schoemers et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A vol. 795 (2015), pp. 92 - 99. F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 8

  9. Motivation Spill with intensity control and AM To prevent peaks exceeding the measurement limit the mean intensity is reduced -> increasing the treatment time Increasing spill quality: • Higher mean intensity -> decreasing treatment time • Higher comfort for patients • Increasing number of patients C: 1.55 · 10 8 extracted particles E: 430.1 MeV/u Resolution: 50 m s/bin F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 9

  10. Frequency modulation methods used at HIMAC 1995 2002 Time Scale: 200 ms/div Time Scale: 2 ms/div | 500 m s/div K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 374 K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (1996) 269-277 (2002) 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 10

  11. Simulation • Combining MADX for tracking & Python for analysis Exciter • Only synchrotron lattice • Space charge and positioning inaccuracies neglected • Start distribution: Gaussian particle distribution after acceleration • Extracted defined by passing electrostatic septum Electrost. septum Magn. septum F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 11

  12. Excitation methods Pseudo random binary phase shift keying (PRBPSK) Exemplary excitation signal Excitation spectrum F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 12

  13. Simulated micro spill structure for PRBPSK F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 13

  14. Excitation methods Single frequency modulation (FM) Exemplary excitation signal Frequency modulation Idea by K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002), pp. 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 14

  15. Excitation methods Single frequency modulation (FM) Exemplary excitation signal Excitation spectrum Idea by K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002), pp. 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 15

  16. Simulated micro spill structure for single FM Frequency modulation Spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 16

  17. Simulated micro spill structure for single FM Frequency modulation PRBPSK Single FM Spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 17

  18. Excitation methods Dual frequency modulation (FM) Exemplary excitation signal Frequency modulation Idea by K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002), pp. 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 18

  19. Excitation methods Dual frequency modulation (FM) Exemplary excitation signal Excitation spectrum Idea by K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002), pp. 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 19

  20. Simulated micro spill structure for dual FM Frequency modulation Spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 20

  21. Simulated micro spill structure for dual FM Frequency modulation PRBPSK Dual FM Spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 21

  22. Excitation process F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 22

  23. Excitation process Direct excitation Washed out spill -> high quality + synchrotron motion (Chromaticity ≠ 0 & bunched) Caused by exciting the diffusion region* *Idea by K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002), pp. 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 23

  24. Excitation process Caused by exciting the extraction region* Driven oscilation effect *Idea by K. Noda et al., Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 492 (2002), pp. 253 - 263 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 24

  25. Excitation process Simulation of isolated driven oscillation of betatron amplitudes of particles 3 particles starting at 100%, 50% and 5% of the initial emittance while excited by the single FM F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 25

  26. Excitation process Simulation of isolated driven oscillation of betatron amplitudes of particles 3 particles starting at 100%, 50% and 5% of the initial emittance while excited by the single FM Kick at cycle restart depending on phase F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 26

  27. Excitation methods Extended frequency modulation (FM) Exemplary excitation signal Frequency modulation F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 27

  28. Excitation methods Extended frequency modulation (FM) Exemplary excitation signal Excitation spectrum F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 28

  29. Simulated micro spill structure for extended FM Frequency modulation Spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 29

  30. Simulated micro spill structure for extended FM Frequency modulation PRBPSK Extended FM Spill F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 30

  31. Experiment • Particle: Carbon • Energy: 430.1 MeV/u • Particles: 4 · 10 8 per spill Resolution: 50 m s/bin • • Bunched: f sync = 500 Hz • Chromaticity: -0.79 F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 31

  32. Measured macro spills confirming simulations (Constant exciter amplitude) PRBPSK Single FM 1Hz Dual FM Extended FM 1Hz 1Hz F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 32

  33. Experimental results (Intensity control + AM) PRBPSK Extended FM Sweep rate: 1800 Hz Optimized by parameter scans: • Lower frequency limit • Higher frequency limit • Sweep rate • Frequency limits of additional FM F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 33

  34. Experimental results (Intensity control + AM) PRBPSK Extended FM Sweep rate: 1800 Hz <MM> = 2.18 <MM> = 1.47 1.55 · 10 8 particles extracted in total Max-to-Mean ratio: Calculation of 200 bins ≙ 10 ms F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 34

  35. Experimental results (Intensity control + AM) PRBPSK Extended FM Sweep rate: 1800 Hz Zoom Zoom PRBPSK Extended FM Sweep rate: 1800 Hz F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 35

  36. Extraction rate distribution of PRBPSK and extended FM F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 36

  37. Extraction rate distribution of PRBPSK and extended FM Reduction of spill ripple by 45% ! F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 37

  38. Excitation spectrum Extended FM Sweep rate: 1 Hz F. Faber Slow Extraction Workshop 2019 - Fermilab, 22nd-24th July 2019 38

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