Addressing Climate Change in the Urban Systems Presentation - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Addressing Climate Change in the Urban Systems

Building Climate Resilience through Urban Plans and Designs: Ormoc City Orientation & Workshop

9-10 November 2017 By: Laids Mias-Cea UN-Habitat

Presentation Objective

• Understand terms and context relative to

“Building Climate Resiliency Through Urban Plans and Designs”

• Discuss “Adaptation”
• Discuss why “Urban Planning and Design” is the

focus

• Present and Discuss the Project Conceptual

Framework

• Introduce Options Identification and Decision

Making tools for Adaptation

Definition of Terms

• Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

Building Climate Change Resilience through Urban Plans and Designs

Climate Change

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Resilience to what & why (hazardous event or

trend or disturbance)?

Figure: the results of higher global temperatures (i.e. climate change impacts) on urban areas

Climate Change

Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Resilience Definitions

Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Working Group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction (OIEWG) Report to GA 2017 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions through risk management. The capacity of social, economic and environmental systems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance, responding or reorganizing in ways that maintain their essential function, identity and structure, while also maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning and transformation.

Adopted definition of RA 10121 (DRRM Act of 2010) (**no definition of resilience in RA 9729 and 10174 (CC Act)

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Resilience: “…maintaining the capacity for adaptation, learning, and

transformation. “Adaptation” Defined

IPCC AR5: The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects. In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects UNFCC: Adaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual

• r expected climatic stimuli and their effects or
• impacts. It refers to changes in processes,

practices, and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change (IPCC 2001, TAR)

Philippines RA 9729: Adaptation refers to adjustments in natural and human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects which moderates harm or exploits beneficial

• pportunities

Bottom- line is to act on Climate change related risks, trends, and possible opportunities

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Adaptation is a means to achieve resilience

– Anticipatory – Reactive

• Urban adaptation actions that delivers mitigation co-benefits is a

powerful, resource efficient means to address CC and to realize the development goals

• Urban Adaptation provides opportunities for incremental &

transformative development via

– Effective Multi-level governance, alignment of policies and incentives, strengthened LGUs and communities, synergies with private sector, appropriate financing and institutional development

• Urban Adaptation can enhance economic comparative advantage

Source: IPCC AR5 (Urban, chapter 8) To address vulnerabilities and increase adaptive capacities

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Adaptation is a means to achieve resilience

Urban Adaptation

• Adaptation in urban areas depends on the competence and capacity of

local governments and locally rooted iterative process of learning about risks and opportunities, identifying and evaluating options, making decisions, and revising strategies with a range of actors.

learning about risks and

• pportunities

identifying and evaluating

• ptions

making decisions revising strategies with a range of actors Local Plans/Strategies

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Urban (Areas):

– No standard international definition – Can be defined by: administrative/political boundary; threshold of populations size; population density; economic function; or the presence

• f urban characteristics (e.g., paved streets, sewerage)

– Cities, Towns, Suburban/Peri-urban areas

Philippines Definition (2004):

– If a barangay has a population size of 5,000 or more, or – If a barangay has at least one establishment with a minimum of 100 employees, or – If a barangay has 5 or more establishments with a minimum of 10 employees, and 5 or more facilities within the two-kilometer radius from the barangay hall, All barangays in the National Capital Region are automatically classified as urban and all highly urbanized cities would be subjected to the urban-rural criteria in order to determine its urban- rural classification. All other barangays are therefore classified as rural.

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Urban Systems

ü The sustainable functioning of an urban area goes beyond its boundary ü Approach: From “rural-urban dichotomy” to “rural-urban continuum” ü Is a network of interdependent places, infrastructure, built environment, administration and human services

Ø Significant change in one would have impact/consequence to the other

Image: WB 2009 report

Let’s unpack the project terminologies:

• Urban Plans and Designs

ü Urban Planning leads to forward looking, comprehensive, integrated, inclusive approaches in enhancing resilience ü Urban Design introduces a process that provides more quality details towards resilience building

– “Urban design is an inter-disciplinary subject that unites all the built environment professions, including urban planning, landscape architecture, architecture, civil and municipal engineering”. – “Urban design address the larger scale of groups of buildings, of streets and public spaces, whole neighborhoods and districts, and entire cities, to make urban areas functional, attractive, and sustainable”. – “Urban design is about making connections between people and places, movement and urban form, nature and the built fabric”.

Project Conceptual Framework (basic)

Action (means) Goal ("end game")

Planning Design

Challenges Opportunies Issues

Resilient Urban Systems Driver/Trigger

&

Climate Change

Means (Action) Goal

Planning Design

Challenges

Opportunities

Issues

Resilient Urban Systems

Driver/Trigger ADAPTATION

Mitigation

Entry points (urban systems)

• Places
• Infrastructure
• Built environment
• Administration and human

services

Philippine Development Plan

Nationally Determined Contribution National Climate Change Action Plan

• Phil. New Urban Agenda & National Urban Development and Housing Framework

Competency Approaches Tools

Policies Guidelines Regulations Economy & Finance

Climate Change

&

Co-benefits: Social Economic environmental

Adaptation decisions at what scale?

16

Building, Parcel

Block, Neighborhood, Barangay, District

Municipality/City/Province Region, Bio-region, Mega-Region

Source:

Source:

Urban Heat Island

• Phenomenon whereby urban areas experience

warmer temperature than their rural surroundings

• Caused by developments that altered the radiative

and thermal properties of the area

– Reduced Vegetation; – Urban Materials – Urban Geometry – Anthropogenic heat emissions

• Occurs on the surface and atmosphere of the area
• Results into Local climate change, (impacts/effects

are limited to the local scale)

• Influenced by cities geographic location & local

weather patterns

• Studies/Research: urban-induced precipitation and

thunderstorm events are mainly initiated by the UHI

Adaptation Processes & Approaches for Decision Making

Some points to consider…

• Usual/traditional

“predict & plan” decision making process may not work for adaptation planning due to uncertainties

• Science offers a range
• f multiple future

scenario

Planning for Climate Change at the local level requires downscaled information on scenarios (range of plausible future)

Considering “Uncertainties” in adaptation decision making

• Adaptation options will need to consider multiple future

scenarios and high level of uncertainty

• Even under a specific scenario of future emissions, the

range of possible impacts is large How?

• Developing decision making criteria (e.g flexibility,

robustness, safe-fail)

• Flexible measures is so important especially for actions

that would have long-term implications – like infrastructure!

Deciding on Options

• Take off from assessment of risks, impacts

and vulnerability

• Planners should remember that increasing

risk resilience and decreasing vulnerability is not always straightforward

• Clarity of the problem/issue statement

should be made

• What should be decided on (scope of

decision) should be clear

Deciding on Options

• What options can be utilized to

address the problem? (long- listing)

• Are these options viable in the

future? (how robust is the design? Can it be further improved--- start of short- listing!)

• How would this options fair

against our adaptation criteria?

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/pub_nwp_costs_benefits_adaptation.pdf

Adaptation decisions at what scale?

27

Building, parcel Block, Neighborhood, Barangay Municipality/City/Province Region, Bio-region, Mega-Region

Missing Link or often the Challenge

CC in Urban Plans & Designs: q Urban Systems Efficiency (e.g. road, transport & mobility, drainage, etc q Form and Layout q Construction Materials q Vegetative Cover

Options Identification and Decision Making

Urban Adaptation Decision Making Approaches

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)

Cost-effectiveness Analysis (CEA) Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

• Stakeholder = society not

just the investor

• Analysis includes all cost of

the project to the society (incl. social, environmental)

• Benefits analyzed is the

benefits to the society

• Used to find the least

costly adaptation option to meet selected physical targets

• ID lowest cost option

(doesn’t provide analysis whether option is justified (e.g. BCR) Offers an alternative for assessment of adaptation when:

• nly partial data is

available

• cultural and ecological

considerations are difficult to quantify

• The monetary benefit and

effectiveness are only part

• f many criteria

Which Approach to use?

http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/pub_nwp_costs_benefits_adaptation.pdf

Figure: the results of higher global temperatures (i.e. climate change impacts) on urban areas

Climate Change

32

Urban Climate Resiliency building… Planning and Designing urban spaces, form, and function in detail that delivers increased adaptive capacity, decreased vulnerability and risks, and likewise maximizes opportunities

Urban Planning and Design

TH THANK YOU OU!