Adaptation and Coping Strategies to Extreme Climate Conditions: - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Adaptation and Coping Strategies to Extreme Climate Conditions: Case Study of Selected Sites Affected by Typhoon Frank in Iloilo, Philippines Rodelio F. Subade a,b , Emeliza C. Lozada c , Jorge S. Ebay a , Jessica A. Dator-Bercilla d Andres C.
Rodelio F. Subadea,b, Emeliza C. Lozadac, Jorge S. Ebaya, Jessica A. Dator-Bercillad Andres C. Tionkoe, Jee Grace B. Suyoa,b, Farisal U. Bagsitb, Josefa T. Bascoa,b
Visayas, Miagao, Iloilo;
Visayas, Miagao
Western Visayas economy affecting the gross regional domestic product of the region in its 3 major sectors (agriculture & forestry, fishery, industry and service.
floods & heavy rains killing many people and destroying crops and properties.
riverside communities in the various towns of Iloilo.
first or among their rare experiences.
disaster.
communities and even the local government units had opportunities to prepare themselves in adapting to such extreme climate
1. Determine the socio-economic characteristics of communities in general and households in particular in areas vulnerable to typhoon-induced disaster in Iloilo. 2. Assess the nature and extent of vulnerability of these households and communities to typhoon induced disasters or hazards like flood and landslides. 3. Identify and analyze the adaptation measures/strategies and coping mechanisms being formulated and implemented by the households, communities and local government units to mitigate the impacts of natural disasters. 4. Determine the perception, level
awareness, preparedness
households, community, and local government units on natural disaster occurrence such as landslide and flooding due to typhoon. 5. Draw policy insights and recommendations for improving adaptive management responses
households and local government units to natural disasters, particularly typhoon related.
co-researchers identified the study sites which were affected by Frank, along the Magsapa Swagge river and Jalaur river sytems from upland towards the coast.
swagge communities,the mid-swagge and the lower –swagge (this is the tail end of the river).
employed to select 60 respondents ( who were affected by Frank) per site.
interviewed.
Predo(2009.
conducted.
Philippine Map showing the location of Iloilo Province and the municipalities of study sites
Dumangas Janiuay Badiangan Pototan
Table 1. Study sites and main climate change adaptation measures
Study sites Main SS adaptation Features
Upper Swagge River Communities
(Christian Aid site)
Mid Swagge River Communities
Autonomous or none, with LGU initiated Lower Swagge River Communities
Introduced adaptation strategies (non- Christian Aid site)
Typhoon Frank as been considered as one of the strongest and among the few typhoons which left huge damages and many deaths. The Iloilo Provincial Disaster Coordinating Council (PDCC) estimated a total of one billion pesos worth of damages in agriculture in Iloilo province alone, 800 million of which were damages on farms, while 230 million came from fisheries damages (Table 2).
ITEM Damage/Amount (PhP million)
MONETARY DAMAGE COST
1.1 Fisheries/Fish farms 1.2. Farms 230 800
2.1. Partially affected 2.2. Heavily affected 12 126 NON-MONETARY DAMAGE
1.1. Dead 1.2. Injured 1.3. Missing
2.1. Partially damaged 2.2. Totally damaged 135 persons 1, 011 persons 69 persons 50, 261 houses 17, 035 houses
Table 3. Desciptive statistics of independent variables
ITEM PERCENTAGE Average age
48.12
Number of household members
4.81
Number of children
4.01
Number of years in school
8.71
Religion Catholic
91.4
Others (Baptist, IFI)
8.6
Civil Status Married
76.9
Single
9.2
Others (Widow/er, separated)
13.9
ITEM FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE FARMING
165 45.83
BACKYARD ANIMAL RAISING
47 13.06
REMITTANCE/PENSION
40 11.11
PAMUGON (ODD JOBS)
32 8.89
LABORER
25 6.94
FISHING
15 4.17
NONE/rely on spouse
15 4.17
DRIVER
14 3.89
CARPENTER
8 2.22
SMALL STORE OWNER
7 1.94
Table 5. Top 10 income sources as reported by the respondents
Typhoon Frank affected many of the surveyed respondents across sites for this
and damage to property. Fourteen percent of the respondents suffered house damage (partial or total) while agricultural lands or farms of 19% of the respondents were inundated (Table 6).
ITEM
Dumangas Pototan Janiuay/ Badiangan
All
Cause of poverty 16 (13.3) 40 (33.3) 27 (22.5) 83 (23.05) Damage to property 37 (30.8) 29 (24.2) 13 (10.8) 79 (21.94) Damage to agricultural lands or farms 31 (25.8) 29 (24.2) 8 (6.7) 68 (18.90) Damage to house 42 (35.0) 9 (7.5) 1 (0.8) 52 (14.44) Cause of family inconvenience 11 (9.2) 15 (12.5) 17 (14.2) 43 (11.9) Loss of livelihood 11 (9.2) 17 (14.2) 7 (5.83) 35 (9.72) Loss of backyard animals 18 (15.0) 9 (7.5) 1 (0.8) 28 (7.78)
Converting the reported impacts on monetary damages, respondents provided estimates as shown below. These are however limited to those which they could give numerical estimates and were classified as: damages on household property and appliances, agricultural lands and animals, and loss of livelihood. Total damages amounted to PhP17, 404.75 per household which is 22% of estimated annual household income.
0 .0 0 2 ,0 0 0 .0 0 4 ,0 0 0 .0 0 6 ,0 0 0 .0 0 8 ,0 0 0 .0 0 10 ,0 0 0 .0 0 12 ,0 0 0 .0 0 14 ,0 0 0 .0 0 16 ,0 0 0 .0 0 18 ,0 0 0 .0 0
household property and appliances agricultural lands and animals loss of livelihood
41.22 143.28 64.94 55.13
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 DUMANGAS POTOTAN JANIUAY-BADIANGAN All
Average number of days respondents were able to recover from the effects of typhoon Frank.
All of the respondents experienced loss in one way or another due to the flood which explains the lower scores they gave for the “after the flood” scenario. Respondents perceived a negative change in the condition of households after the flood.
7.18 5.77 8.04 1.75 4.32 5.99 5.71 5.8 6.4 5.75 3.86 6.44 1.23 3.61 4.56 4.36 4.72 4.05
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
W e ll be ing of H H A c c e ss t o la nd A c c e ss t o wa t e r A c c e ss t o c oa st a l fishe ry re sourc e s A c c e ss t o c re dit H ouse hold inc ome E mployme nt
H ouse hold risk a nd vulne ra bilit y O ve ra ll st a t e of na t ura l re sourc e s a nd e nvironme nt
Before the flood Immediately after flood
5.75 3.86 6.44 1.23 3.61 4.56 4.36 4.72 4.05 7.08 5.52 7.9 1.58 4.4 5.82 5.39 5.94 5.66
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Wel l bei ng of HH Access t o l and Access t o wat er Access t o coast al f i sher y r esour ces Access t o cr edi t Househol d i ncome E mpl
t y Househol d r i sk and vul ner abi l i t y Over al l st at e of nat ur al r esour ces and envi r onment
Immediately after the flood at the time of survey
Comparison of scores between “immediately after the flood” and “at the time of the interview” revealed significantly positive changes across all indicators. This implies that the affected household have somehow recovered from the impacts/effects of typhoon Frank.
More than two thirds of the respondents (69%) were aware of the climate change phenomenon and more than half (63.3%) have knowledge about sea level rise. Almost all
Mean level of awareness of climate change and sea level rise are also above average.
68.6 63.3 92.5 6.12 5.84
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Climate Change Sea Level Rise Risk and threats from natural disaster Aware Mean level of awareness
Prior experiences of households in low lying areas have increased their awareness
surge/sea level rise, and coastal erosion registered below-average awareness scores possibly because (a) these hazards have not yet occurred in the area or (b) the intensity
community.
5.79 3.65 2.81 2.35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Flooding Landslide Storm surge/sea level rise Coastal erosion
Respondents self-rate their own vulnerability to flooding higher than other natural disasters/events/calamities. They also fear that extreme event (like the flooding due to typhoon Frank in 2008) will reoccur in the future. Storm surge, coastal erosion, and landslide were still rated low in terms of their threat to the community. 5.82 2.09 1.38 1.33
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Flooding Landslide Storm surge/sea level rise Coastal erosion
All, except for 7%, of the households interviewed said that they are prepared for the possible threats from natural disaster/calamities in the future. When asked about the status of their preparedness, 61% claimed they are prepared or highly prepared. Very few of the households interviewed admitted that they are not prepared at all.
92.5 0.9 32.4 42.0 23.7 3.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % of prepared HH Not prepared at all Less Prepared Prepared Highly Prepared No answer
Status of preparedness to natural disasters
ITEM FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Being alert always
194 53.9
Securing important things
68 18.9
Modifying house structure
55 15.3
Plan to relocate residence
52 14.4
Construct protective structure
39 10.8
Follow early warning system
30 8.3
Tree planting
27 7.5
Preparing food/water
16 4.4
Praying
13 3.6
Preparing boat/ropes/etc
9 2.5
More than half of the households interviewed cited “being alert always” as one of their preparations to mitigate impacts of disasters. This implies being attentive to information and warnings and coordinating with community leaders. Other preparations include, constructing and modifying house structure, securing important things, and relocating residence.
71.1 28.9
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 YES NO
Majority of the respondents have adaptation measures or plans being considered to minimize disaster impacts to their household.
The most popular adaptation strategy implemented by 20% of the respondents is the transfer of household members to evacuation areas. Second is restructuing of dwelling units, and tree planting. Almost 12% of the respondents consider long-term measures like changing livelihood and relocating to a safer place permanently.
ITEM FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Evacuate (to relocation area)
72 20.0
Restructure/strengthen house
70 19.4
Tree planting
58 16.0
Relocate household permanently
22 6.1
Change livelihood/income source
21 5.8
Praying
17 4.7
Securing important things
15 4.2
Improving dike/canal system
13 3.6
Being alert always
12 3.3
Prepare food
3 0.83
All the respondents had an average of 6 in a 10-point scale when asked to rate the effectiveness of their adaptation strategies. Graph below shows that communities who have had experienced disasters in the past are more “confident” of the effectiveness of their adaptation strategies/plans.
8.91 5.68 3.66 6.09
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Dumangas Pototan Janiuay/Badiangan ALL
More than one third of all respondents believed that they got their adaptation strategies from indigenous knowledge. Media (TV and radio) also played a big role in educating households about preparations to be made to buffer effects of disasters. 12%
stakeholders in developing adaptive capacity. 45 20 12.2 22.8
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Indigenous knowledge from Media from the Community Others (school, elders, experience)
For the respondents of this study, getting a loan or borrowing money from money lender or family members is the leading coping mechanism. This form of coping is inevitable for people affected by calamities since extreme conditions expose people/households to unexpected expenses such as house repair, burial
hospitalization of family member and other medical expenses, and purchase of seedlings for those whose farms were damaged or inundated.
Table below shows the various coping mechanisms employed by the respondents who experienced avocs brought forth by typhoon Frank.
ITEM FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Got loan from relatives, friends
89 24.7
Got loan from money lender
43 11.9
Working harder
43 11.9
Resorting to other income sources
40 11.1
Ask assistance from family members/children
36 10.0
Used family savings
29 8.6
Sold livestock/poultry animals
13 3.6
Praying
11 3.1
Asked assistance from community
10 2.8
FOOD FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Noodles
188 52.2
Rice/lugaw
160 44.4
Sardines
111 30.8
Dried fish
42 11.7
Other canned goods (aside from sardines)
42 11.7
Banana
32 8.9
Vegetables
22 6.1
Root crops
17 4.72
Bread
14 3.9
Fish
12 3.3
Most cited kinds of food eaten during/after flood/typhoon.
Has method/s used to preserve food?
3.3 96.7
20 40 60 80 100 120 YES NO
25 8.3 8.3 8.3 33.3 8.3 8.3
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 none dried fish paksiw fermented cook just enough for family putting salt and vinegar adobo
Method used to preserve food
Typhoon Frank, like any other climate-related disaster or extreme climate conditions, had brought forth havocs and destruction amoung many families and households of Iloilo. On the other hand, the event has solicited both introduced and autnomomous adaptation strategies from the people in
to reduce the potential impacts
hazards
them. Other
and for them to witness how prepared they could be in similar conditions.
be helped and provided preparations and capability training in adaptation to climate change.
engineering, and human-related strategies to adapt to the potential effects
supplied by both private and government sectors/agencies.