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Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities Use Program and Facilities

AALAS Continuing Education & AALAS Continuing Education & Professional Development Series

• ALAT Ch. 21 – Rabbits
• ALAT Ch 22 – Cats

ALAT Ch. 22 Cats

• LATG Ch. 13 – Common Diseases

Dan Domer, DVM

4/28/10

Rabbits Rabbits

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits

American Fuzzy Lop American English Angora

www.arba.net

Dutch Netherland Dwarf American Sable Tan American Chinchilla Dwarf Hotot Californian Flemish Giant Lilac Florida White Checkered Giant English Lop Palomino Satin Silver

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cinnamon Rhinelander

Rabbits Rabbits

• Oryctolagus cuniculi

Oryctolagus cuniculi

• Breeds

– New Zealand White New Zealand White – Dutch Belted

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Uses in research

Uses in research

– Atherosclerosis Ophthalmology – Ophthalmology – Antibody production Cancer models – Cancer models – Infectious disease Di b t llit – Diabetes mellitus

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Anatomy

Anatomy

– Ears

• Vascular
• Thermoregulation

– Teeth

Peg teeth

• Peg teeth
• Hypsodont

– All teeth grow throughout life

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Anatomy

Anatomy

– Skeleton vs. muscle

• Broken backs
• Broken backs

– Toenails

• Wild vs Laboratory

Wild vs. Laboratory

– Feces

• Pellets

Pellets

• Night feces

– Vitamin B, protein

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

– “Coprophagy”

Rabbits Rabbits

• Anatomy

Anatomy

– Urine

• Yellow to red-brown
• Yellow to red-brown
• Cloudy

– Intestinal bacteria Intestinal bacteria

• Transportation

stress

• Diet change
• antibiotics

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Reproduction

Reproduction

– Does

• Narrow head
• Narrow head
• Large dewlap
• Sexing
• Induced ovulation

– Bucks

• Large head
• No dewlap

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

Male Vent V t Female Vent

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Reproduction

Reproduction

– Mating

• Doe goes to buck’s cage
• Doe goes to buck s cage

– Kits

• sexing

sexing

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Reproduction

Reproduction

– Nesting

• Doe pulls her own fur to make a soft, warm bed for kits

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Restraint

Restraint

– Watch the BACK and EARS! Scruff the nape of the neck – Scruff the nape of the neck – Support the hind end

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Restraint

Restraint

– Devices

• Restrainers
• Restrainers
• Restraint bags/cat

bags

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Behavior

Behavior

– Active Curious – Curious – Chew cage cards Posture – Posture

• Even weight distribution
• Stretch when warm
• Stretch when warm

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Behavior

Behavior

– Cage protection/aggression

• Foot stomping
• Foot stomping
• Rearing and charging
• Vocalization and urination
• Actions to take:

– Toss a towel on the rabbit Mi h d 2 d l » Might need a 2nd towel – Gently take the rabbit from the cage

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Signs of pain distress illness

Signs of pain, distress, illness

– Subtle (prey animal) Anorexia – Anorexia – Lethargy Tooth grinding – Tooth grinding – Vocalizations P l b – Pale mucous membranes

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– 61˚-72 ˚F

• Less fur shedding
• Less fur shedding

– Air filters – Room cleaning – Hairballs

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– Single housing

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– Group housing for females or juvenile males males

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– Change pans under cages 3+/week

• Dried minerals “urine scale"
• Dried minerals urine scale

– Clean racks every 1-2 weeks Monitor urine and feces – Monitor urine and feces – Dump old feed before adding new feed Feed according to rabbits’ weights – Feed according to rabbits weights

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– Diet

• pelleted feed
• Fiber -- hay

– Water

If the don’t drink the don’t eat

• If they don’t drink, they don’t eat

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Enrichment!

Enrichment!

– Carrots, kale, broccoli, other vegetables, fruit fruit

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Enrichment!

Enrichment!

– Plastic balls Metal pendants on chains – Metal pendants on chains – Nylon chew bones Group housing – Group housing

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Diseases

Diseases

– Pasteurellosis

• Pasteurella multocida
• Pasteurella multocida
• Common
• Some rabbits are carriers
• Spread by aerosol or contact

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Diseases

Diseases

– Pasteurellosis

• Symptoms

– Discharge from nose & eyes – Head tilt – Genital infection – Abscess

• Antibiotic success may be

limited

• Prevention

– Buy from Pasteurella-free d

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

vendors

Rabbits Rabbits

• Diseases

Diseases

– Trichobezoar (hairball)

• Common usually asymptomatic
• Common, usually asymptomatic
• Cause

– too much grooming, not enough fiber?

• If causes obstruction, results in:

– Anorexia Depression – Depression – Possible death from starvation and metabolic disturbance

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Diseases

Diseases

– Trichobezoar

• Treatment
• Treatment

– Mineral oil – Laxative – Roughage (fiber) – Surgery

• Prevention

Prevention

– More fiber

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Rabbits Rabbits

• Diseases

Diseases

– Ectoparasites

• Ear mites
• Ear mites

– Psoroptes cuniculi

• Fleas
• Fur mites

– Cheyletiella parasitovorax Listrophorus gibbus – Listrophorus gibbus

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: In a rabbit what is the most

Q: In a rabbit, what is the most common injury related to poor restraint? restraint?

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: In a rabbit what is the most

Q: In a rabbit, what is the most common injury related to poor restraint? restraint? A A b k b k ( t th 6th d 7th

• A: A broken back (at the 6th and 7th

lumbar vertebrae)

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: Which of the following is NOT

Q: Which of the following is NOT associated with Pasteurellosis?

A head tilt – A. head tilt – B. nose discharge C lameness – C. lameness – D. genital discharge

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: Which of the following is NOT

Q: Which of the following is NOT associated with Pasteurellosis?

A head tilt – A. head tilt – B. nose discharge C lameness – C. lameness – D. genital discharge

A

• A:

– C. lameness

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats (Felis cattus) Cats (Felis cattus)

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Anatomy

Anatomy

– Muscular Agile – Agile

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Anatomy

Anatomy

– Retractable claws claws – Purring – Male urine odor – Male urine odor

• May persist after

neutering

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Reproduction

Reproduction

– Tom

• Penis scrotum
• Penis, scrotum

– Queen

• Vulva

Vulva

• Polyestrous
• Induced ovulation

– Kittens

• Anogenital distance

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Reproduction

Reproduction

– Mating

• Paired
• Paired
• Harem

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Reproduction

Reproduction

– Neuter or Spay if not breeding

• Decreased
• Decreased

– Spraying urine – Aggressiveness – Unwanted pregnancy – Pyometra

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Restraint

Restraint

– Reassurance

• Be slow and gentle
• Be slow and gentle
• Acclimation can help

– Minimal restraint can be best Minimal restraint can be best

• Depends on the procedure
• Assess the cat

– If agitated, may be best to wait

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Cat bites

Cat bites

– Long, narrow teeth + bacteria = infection bacteria infection – The wound

• Clean immediately

Clean immediately

• Get medical treatment

immediately

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Restraint

Restraint

– Use the scruff Lift cat while supporting hind end with – Lift cat while supporting hind end with

• ther hand

– Gradually hold hindlimbs with thumb – Gradually hold hindlimbs with thumb and middle finger, with index finger in between – Hold upright, facing away

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Restraint

Restraint

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Restraint

Restraint

– Carrying

• Hold scruff with one hand
• Hold scruff with one hand
• Support cat’s chest and hind end with other

hand and arm

• Hold against your hip by using elbow
• Heavy gloves may be necessary for

ti t uncooperative cats

• Towels can help!

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Restraint

Restraint

– Canvas or Nylon bags

• zippered
• zippered

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Behavior

Behavior

– Consistency is important

• People
• People
• Surroundings

– Fearful cats Fearful cats

• Crouching in back of cage
• Ears pinned back

p

• Caution!

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Signs of pain distress or illness

Signs of pain, distress, or illness

– Unusually quiet Stiff posture – Stiff posture – Cry, growl, hiss Isolation from group – Isolation from group – Hunched posture Li i – Limping – CAUTION!

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– Cages

• Resting board
• Litter pan

– Group housing

• Various resting areas
• Various resting areas
• Depends on personality

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Husbandry

Husbandry

– Litter pans

• Clean daily
• Clean daily
• May need more if urinating outside pan
• Check the urine in or out of the box

– Blood? (may be infected) – Is urine present? (male obstruction)

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Diet

Diet

– Cats are finicky

• Variety is good
• Variety is good

– Flavor – Texture

– Moisture content

• Dry (10-12% moisture)
• Semi-moist (20-25% moisture)
• Canned (70-78% moisture)

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Water

Water

– Open bowls (most common)

• Clean daily
• Clean daily

– Other options

• Bottle

Bottle

• Automatic water system

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Enrichment!

Enrichment!

– Platforms Shelves – Shelves – Ropes Climbing poles – Climbing poles – Scratching posts posts – Toys

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Enrichment!

Enrichment!

– Socialized, group-housed cats

• They enjoy the socialized life
• They enjoy the socialized life

– Individually-housed cats

• Should still see/hear/smell other cats

Should still see/hear/smell other cats

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Cats Cats

• Diseases

Diseases

– Otitis Externa

• Symptoms

– Head shaking – Scratching/rubbing – Ear wax

• Causes

– Mites – Bacteria – Yeast

• Treatment

– Clean

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

– Medicate

Cats Cats

• Diseases

Diseases

– Feline respiratory complex

• Symptoms

– Sneezing – Rhinitis – Conjunctivitis – Oral ulceration

• Most common causes

(80-90%)

– Feline herpesvirus (viral rhinotracheitis)

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

– Feline calicivirus

Questions Questions

• Q: True or False?

Q: True or False?

– Cats respond best when approached gradually and gently gradually and gently.

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: True or False?

Q: True or False?

– Cats respond best when approached gradually and gently gradually and gently.

• A: True.

Gradual approach and gentle handling – Gradual approach and gentle handling, especially by a familiar person, can help things go smoothly things go smoothly.

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: True or False?

Q: True or False?

– Cat urine output should be checked twice weekly twice weekly.

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

Questions Questions

• Q: True or False?

Q: True or False?

– Cat urine output should be checked twice weekly twice weekly.

• A: False.

It’s important to check urine daily for – It s important to check urine daily for detection of possible infection or

• bstruction
• bstruction.

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities

The End The End

Laboratory Animal Care and Use Program and Facilities