A X Neutr utrinos inos from om De Decay cay-At At-Res Rest - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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A X Neutr utrinos inos from om De Decay cay-At At-Res Rest - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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+ + K + A X Neutr utrinos inos from om De Decay cay-At At-Res Rest Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017, Uppsala, Sweden, 09/29/2017 Som ome Imp mpor orta tant Fr nt Fronti ontiers ers of of P Particle ticle Physic ysics

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017, Uppsala, Sweden, 09/29/2017

Neutr utrinos inos from

  • m De

Decay cay-At At-Res Rest

π+ μ+ K+

AX

slide-2
SLIDE 2

2

Energy Intensity Purity

Som

  • me Imp

mpor

  • rta

tant Fr nt Fronti

  • ntiers

ers of

  • f P

Particle ticle Physic ysics

  • In devising a new experiment, one

might be interested in these three frontiers:

  • Purity
  • Pure
  • Devoid of
  • Well understood spectrum
  • Intensity
  • Statistics
  • S/N
  • Energy
  • Specific energy  L/E
  • Low energy spread
  • Etc.
  • Decay-At-Rest can provide

high Intensity, high purity and a well-understood (low-) energy spectrum…

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Ou Outl tline ine

  • Decay-At

At-Res Rest t - Ov Overvie iew

  • (A f

few) Exp xper erime iments ts

  • COH

OHER ERENT ENT

  • JS

JSNS NS2

  • KPipe

pe

  • DAE

DAEδALUS ALUS

  • Is

IsoDA DAR

  • IsoDA

DAR: The Anat atomy of a C a Cyclo clotr tron n Proton Driver

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 3

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Decay cay-At At-Rest Rest Pr Proce

  • cesses

sses

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 4

π+ μ+ K+

AX

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 5

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – Fo Four Ty Types

π+ μ+ K+

AX

Purity PiDAR MuDAR KDAR IsoDAR

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SLIDE 6

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 6

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – Prod

  • ductio

uction

  • Either by protons impinging on a target (Pi/Mu/KDAR)
  • Or by neutron capture and subsequent beta-decay (IsoDAR)

e.g.:

Intensity

600-3000 MeV protons

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 7

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – Prod

  • ductio

uction

  • Either by protons impinging on a target (Pi/Mu/KDAR)
  • Or by neutron capture and subsequent beta-decay (IsoDAR)

e.g.:

Intensity

600-3000 MeV protons 60 MeV protons

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 8

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – Energy gy Spectra tra

Energy

π+ μ+ K+

AX

Low Energy ( = short baseline) Narrow, sometimes even mono-energetic

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SLIDE 9

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 9

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – De Dete tectio ction

  • In order to detect neutrinos we must decide:
  • The flavor(s) we are looking for
  • The type of interaction  Charged Current (CC) and Neutral Current (NC)
  • Some examples of low energy interaction open to DAR neutrinos
  • NC: Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering ( )
  • CC: At typical DAR-energies, interact through

Inverse Beta Decay (IBD): Want large number of protons available 

  • Scintillator
  • Gd-doped water-Cherenkov detector
  • CC: in Liquid Scintillator

(signal from prompt and final state proton + delayed Michel electron)

KamLAND

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 10

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – De Dete tectio ction

  • In order to detect neutrinos we must decide:
  • The flavor(s) we are looking for
  • The type of interaction  Charged Current (CC) and Neutral Current (NC)
  • Some examples of low energy interaction open to DAR neutrinos
  • NC: Coherent Elastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering ( ) (CEvNS)
  • CC: At typical DAR-energies, interact through

Inverse Beta Decay (IBD): Want large number of protons available 

  • Scintillator
  • Gd-doped water-Cherenkov detector
  • CC: in Liquid Scintillator

(signal from prompt and final state proton + delayed Michel electron)

KamLAND

…spreading the meme…

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SLIDE 11

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 11

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – Ad Advan antages tages

PiDAR/MuDAR/IsoDAR

  • Known energy shape
  • Low Energy is nice:
  • Coherent scattering cross-section is high (compared to other interactions)
  • (L/E-dependent) oscillation studies
  • IBD cross-section (for

applications) is well known

  • IBD events (for applications) are easy to record/ID
  • Backgrounds can be controlled/understood
  • Sometimes come for free in existing facility (e.g. SNS, MLF)

KDAR

  • 236 MeV , low background
  • Sometimes come for free in existing facility (e.g. MLF)

Purity

Energy

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SLIDE 12

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 12

De Decay-At At-Rest Rest – Ch Challe llenges nges

  • Isotropic  Lose much

in unfavorable direction…

  • Need very intense proton source!
  • We heard a number of very interesting talks about planned

upgrades and studies for future proton drivers, e.g.:

  • Status of Future High Power Proton Drivers for Neutrino Beams, Mon – Plenary
  • Upgrade of J-PARC Accelerator and Neutrino Beamline toward 1.3 MW, Mon – WG3
  • Accelerator R&D Toward Proton Drivers for Future Particle Accelerators, Tue – WG3
  • …
  • In the second half of this talk, I will present you with another

possibility: Cyclotrons

  • Target design (cooling, activation  maintenance) is issue too.

Intensity 500-3000 MeV protons

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SLIDE 13

(P (Pro roposed) posed) Exp xperime eriments nts

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 13

π+ μ+ K+

AX

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SLIDE 14

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 14

CO COHE HERENT ENT

  • Talks during this meeting:
  • The COHERENT Experiment, Thu: Plenary
  • COHERENT constraints on non-standard neutrino interactions, Fri: WG5
  • COHERENT and the LMA-dark solution, Fri: WG5
  • In a nutshell:
  • Uses neutrinos from PiDAR/MuDAR at Oakridge SNS to measure

Coherent Elastic Neutrino Nucleus Scattering (CEvNS)

  • Several detector in a hallway below target dubbed

“neutrino alley”

  • Has been measured to have low neutron background
  • 8 mwe overburden
  • Just recently made the very first measurement of CEvNS in CsI:

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/08/02/science.aao0990

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SLIDE 15

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 15

JSNS NS2

  • LSND is THE experiment that drives the high-Δm2 anomalies. J-

PARC’s MLF and ORNL’s SNS are the best (only) places to directly study the LSND anomaly.

  • Uses PiDAR/MuDAR to test LSND anomaly in a cost-effective and

timely way at J-PARC

  • Aside: KDAR: Collect a large sample (~50k) of mono-energetic

236 MeV muon neutrinos from KDAR for nuclear probe and cross- section measurements.

  • Production:
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SLIDE 16

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 16

JSNS NS2

Detection:

  • Target volume is Gd-loaded liquid

scintillator

  • Phase 0: 17 tons w/ 193 x 8’’ PMTs
  • Future phase: multi-detector (34 t)
  • Energy resolution
  • Measures appearance through

IBD:

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SLIDE 17

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 17

JSNS NS2 - Spectrum trum & & Sensitivit itivity

Status:

  • Obtained Stage 1 (of 2) approval from PAC in 2015
  • Secured funding for first 17 ton detector module in 2016
  • Submitted TDR to J-PARC PAC (seeking Stage 2 approval) in 2017
  • Construction has begun! They expect first data in late-2018

(dominant background: intrinsic )

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SLIDE 18

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 18

KP KPip ipe

  • Use 236 MeV from KDAR
  • L/E: With long detector (100-

120 meters), filled with liquid scintillator, one can contain

  • scillation period for

with mass splitting >1 eV2

  • To keep cost down, use

industrial plastic chemical storage containers for vessel and instrument with 0.6% photocoverage (120k SiPM’s)

  • Can do this since high-energy

resolution not required

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SLIDE 19

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 19

KP KPip ipe

  • Trace out oscillation curve in long detector
  • High precision disappearance search with minimal systematic

uncertainties from cross-section and flux

  • Cost: 5 M$, Decisive in 6 years of running.

Sensitivities: Signal:

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 20

DAE DAEδAL ALUS US

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 21

DAE DAEδAL ALUS US

60 MeV/amu DIC Ion Source LEBT Target DSRC 800 MeV/amu

not to scale

νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 22

DAE DAEδAL ALUS/ US/IsoD IsoDAR AR

60 MeV/amu DIC Ion Source LEBT Target DSRC 800 MeV/amu

not to scale

νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _ νµ _

Iso IsoDAR

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 23

IsoD

  • DAR

AR

16.5 m kton scale detector (e.g. KamLAND) Isotropic source of through decay at rest

Search for sterile neutrinos through

  • scillations at short distances and

low energy

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 24

IsoD

  • DAR

AR

16.5 m kton scale detector (e.g. KamLAND) Isotropic source of through decay at rest

Search for sterile neutrinos through

  • scillations at short distances and

low energy

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SLIDE 25

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 25

IsoD

  • DAR

AR

  • High Statistics
  • Well-understood beam
  • 8Li is virtually the only contributor to neutrino production
  • 0.016 neutrinos per incoming proton
  • Fairly Compact neutrino source
  • Sleeve yields production volume ~

σx = σy = 23 cm, σz = 37 cm

  • KamLAND detector resolution:
  • Vertex:
  • Energy:
  • Conceptual Design Report:

https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.05130

  • Working on PDR and Facilities CDR

with KamLAND and RIKEN

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SLIDE 26

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 26

IsoD

  • DAR

AR – If we see a signal…

Courtesy of Joshua Spitz

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SLIDE 27

Cy Cycl clot

  • tron

ron Pr Prot

  • ton
  • n Dri

rive ver

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 27

π+ μ+ K+

AX

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SLIDE 28

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 28

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: r: Overvi view ew

  • Desired: 10 mA of p+ on target
  • Greatest Challenge: Space Charge
  • H2

+ as mitigation. 5 mA H2 + become

10 mA of p+ after stripping

Driver MEBT Target Detector

Ion Source, LEBT, Cyclotron

slide-29
SLIDE 29
  • Producing the H2

+…

  • Filament-Driven Multicusp Ion Source
  • Based on: Ehlers and Leung: http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1137452
  • Currently commissioning at MIT (last week: 12 mA/cm2)

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 29

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: r: Ion

  • n So

Source

Faraday Cup

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SLIDE 30

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 30

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: : LE LEBT

  • Two options:
  • Conventional Low Energy Beam Transport (demonstrated experimentally)
  • Better: RFQ-Direct Injection Project (RFQ-DIP); NSF funded at ~1 M$
  • Why?
  • Highly efficient bunching
  • sorts out protons
  • accelerates to injection energy of 70 keV
  • Compact (good for underground)
  • Parameters:
  • 32.8 MHz
  • 1.3 m length, 30 cm diameter
  • 15 keV to 70 keV accel
  • <55 kV vane voltage

http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4935753 http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/10/10/T10003/pdf

slide-31
SLIDE 31

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 31

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: : Cy Cyclo lotr tron

  • n I

re-bunching cell matching gentle bunching

  • accel. & bunching
  • Compact Isochronous Cyclotron
  • Harmonic 4 ( 32.8 MHz)
  • 70-240 kV acceleration
  • 4 double-gap cavities

Spiral Inflector

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SLIDE 32

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 32

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: : Cy Cyclo lotr tron

  • n II
  • Acceleration & Extraction. Space-charge again…
  • Septum can tolerate about 200 W of controlled beam loss.
  • If turn separation is small halo formation is large  big problem.
  • Space-charge + Isochronous, AVF cyclotron = Vortex motion. Good!
  • Needs to be carefully matched, though!
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SLIDE 33

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 33

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: : Cy Cyclo lotr tron

  • n III

III

  • Acceleration & Extraction. Space-charge again…
  • Septum can tolerate about 200 W of controlled beam loss.
  • If turn separation is small halo formation is large  big problem.
  • Space-charge + Isochronous, AVF cyclotron = Vortex motion. Good!
  • Needs to be carefully matched, though! + Collimators

17

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SLIDE 34

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 34

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: : Ta Target I et I

  • Beryllium target with lithium-beryllium sleeve
  • 600 kW painted across face ~ 16 cm diameter (~3 kW/cm2)
  • Considerable progress on optimization of shape and Li-Be mixture
slide-35
SLIDE 35

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 35

IsoD

  • DAR

AR Driver: r: Ta Target I et II

NSF funded target study on the way at Columbia University!

slide-36
SLIDE 36

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 36

IsoD

  • DAR

AR – Cu Curren ent t Sta tatus tus

  • Full Proposal due in fall 2018 (NSF encouraged)
  • Path to proposal:
  • Conventional Facilities CDR in collaboration with KamLAND
  • Determine siting at KamLAND (new option came up!)
  • Full set of start-to-end simulations (have all the parts)
  • Frozen proton driver design
  • In parallel: RFQ-DIP. First ever demonstration of direct injection

from RFQ into compact cyclotron  Will determine path for LEBT

slide-37
SLIDE 37

Co Conclusi lusion

  • n / Ou

Outl tlook

  • ok
  • De

Decay ay-At At-Res Rest t prese sents ts so some great at opportun unities ities!

  • As f

s for exa xample le de demonst strate ated d by by COH OHERENT RENT

  • JSNS

NS2 will l hav ave first st da data a by by the end d of 201 018

  • In ad

addi ditio ion there re ar are se several al proposa sals ls in var arious s de desi sign st stag ages: s:

  • KPipe

pe

  • DAE

DAEδALU ALUS

  • Is

IsoDA DAR

  • Cyclo

clotr trons s ar are a p a poss ssibl ble e al altern rnati ative ve for proton dr driver

  • Full

l proposa sal for Iso soDA DAR to be be su subm bmitted tted to NS NSF in fall 2018….stay tuned!

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 37

slide-38
SLIDE 38

Th Than ank k You

  • u!

(B (Bon

  • n Appéti

étit t :)

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 38

π+ μ+ K+

AX

slide-39
SLIDE 39

39

RFQ FQ General ral Prin inci cipl ple + +

Front View Beam

– –

Side View

  • Continuous focusing like in a series of alternating F/D Electrostatic

quadrupoles

  • Wiggles lead to acceleration and bunching (RF bunching similar to

cyclotron)

  • Same frequency as cyclotron

Ez Er

Z

slide-40
SLIDE 40

40

RFQ FQ General ral Prin inci cipl ple + +

Front View Beam

– –

Side View

Ez Er

Z

slide-41
SLIDE 41

Vor

  • rte

tex x Mot

  • tio

ion Prin inci cipl ple

41

Courtesy of Wiel Kleeven (Cyclotrons 2016)

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Vor

  • rte

tex x Mot

  • tio

ion PSI Inje jector tor II

42

  • If the beam is initially well matched, it curls up into a tight ball with
  • nly a bit of halo.
  • It is circular in x-y (mid plane of cyclotron)
  • This has been seen at PSI Injector II and reproduced in OPAL:
slide-43
SLIDE 43

Vor

  • rte

tex x Mot

  • tio

ion IsoDA

  • DAR/DIC

/DIC

43

  • Starting at 1.5 MeV/amu (JJ.Yang 2012) a nice round beam shape

develops

  • Beam power on septum <110 W
slide-44
SLIDE 44

Vor

  • rte

tex x Mot

  • tio

ion in in th the IsoDA

  • DAR Cy

Cyclotr

  • tron
  • n

44

  • Starting at 192 keV/amu (within the first turn) (J. Jonnerby, 2016)
  • Vortex motion happens for
  • ur H2

+ beam

  • Beam separation not yet fully

sufficient, but work in progress

slide-45
SLIDE 45

45

Our present estimate, with the help of IBA (a Cyclotron Co.) $18.2 M – not including university-based manpower, i.e. cost to NSF with 33% contingency: $24.2 M Cost Estimate for the cyclotron: Costs for the source, to be proposed to NSF These costs do not include contributions via base grants. Costs do include project management and EDIA

slide-46
SLIDE 46

46

DOE-sponsored study on a 2 mA proton machine.

There are differences, but this sets a rough scale.

Does that cost estimate make sense?

slide-47
SLIDE 47

47

Cost estimates for the target/sleeve: Target: $6.2 M, with 33% contingency, $8.3M Sleeve: $5M, with 100% contingency, $10M Other costs: 1.5M, with 33% contingency, $2.1M (Controls, interface to conventional facility, etc.) Total cost, with contingency: $44.8M Cost estimates for the medium energy transport: $0.16M, or with 33% contingency, $0.24M

slide-48
SLIDE 48

Daniel Winklehner, MIT NUFACT2017 48

Kp Kpip ipe - Backgrou kground: d:

  • Small outer-veto layer
  • beam-timing
  • two-pulse signal
  • reduce cosmic ray

background rate

Prompt Michel