A Personal History in System of Systems B. E. White, Ph.D. CAU SES: Complexity Are Us Systems Engineering Strategies 18 October 2010 Special Session on System of Systems (SoS) International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems 1 ICUMT -2010 (Moscow: 18-20 October2010) See Notes Pages for paper
Introduction Relationships Complex System Enterprise SoS System 2 ICUMT -2010
Foundational Career Phase 2003-09 Director of systems engineering process office Learned complexity theory and complex systems Helped develop CSE principles for our most difficult systems Tried to convince skeptics that CSE is wave of future in SE Defining System: collection of elements for purpose greater than sum of parts System boundary should be discussed in creating shared vision SoS: collection of systems where each system, with its own purpose, is managed independently, and is can still operate alone in SoS environment CSE is mostly about people who cannot necessarily be controlled or even influenced Political, operational, economic, and technical (POET) aspects must be considered Monitoring Watch whether system is moving in desired direction; beware of time delays Help decision makers make better decisions Management Create conditions for self-adaptation/organization Do not force behavior from top in typical command-and-control fashion Forecasting It is impossible to accurately predict future behavior of complex system Let system design itself and evolve on its own 3 ICUMT -2010
CSE Principles* Bring Humility 1. Follow Holism 2. Achieve Balance 3. Utilize Trans-Disciplines 4. Embrace POET 5. Nurture Discussions 6. Pursue Opportunities 7. Formulate Heuristics 8. Foster Trust 9. 10. Create Interactive Environment 11. Stimulate Self-Organization 12. Seek Simple Elements 13. Enforce Layered Architecture __________ * Pm = principles that were applied ; m = 1, 2, 3, … , will be shown in other career phase examples (Pn) = principles that should have been applied ; n = 1, 2, 3, … , will be shown in other career phase examples 4 ICUMT -2010
Previous Career Phases T echnical Intelligence* Satellite Command Link* Communication to Submarines* Satellite Band-Pass Limiter Bandwidth Efficient Modulations* Satellite Communications Architectures Satellite Multiple Access Frequency-Hopping (FH) Radios* Civil Aeronautical Communication* Military Global Grid Architecture Class of Functions Architecture Future Joint Tactical Data Link (JTDL)* __________ 5 ICUMT -2010 * Covered explicitly in this talk
Technical Intelligence (Foreign Technology) 1962-1965 Lieutenant in U.S. Air Force Studied CCN-related technologies Learned to read scientific Russian Defining Space programs Large radio astronomy antennas Ferroelectric memories Holism, Discussions, Opportunities, and Monitoring Self-Organization but Distrust, Briefed senior leaders Non-Interactive, and Arrogant Verified Aviation Week ! Management Open societies gave West lead in computer technology Hiding own work internally slowed progress Forecasting Relied too much on past observations Depended on speculations from foreign visits CCN Prg: P5: POET – Dfn: P6; Mnt: P2, P7; Mng: (P9, P10) P11; Frc: (P1) 6 ICUMT -2010
Satellite Command Link 1965-1967 First “real job” A. Simple anti-spoof (AS) authentication B. Pseudorandom sequence to control FH for AJ Defining A. 6-stage feedback and feed-forward linear shift registers B. Timing beacon registers fed nonlinear combinatorial circuit Monitoring Humility, Holism, Balance, and Simple, A. Dropped timing pulse in lab test cause surprising authentication but few Discussions or Opportunities, B. Successfully passed standard randomness tests and Distrust Management A. Briefing to advisory group well received B. One agency directed us to “close up shop” Forecasting A. Never implemented B. Later learned (via colleague) of similar agency effort CCN Prg: P5: POT – Dfn: P2, P3, P12; Mnt: P1, P10 (P11); Mng: (P6, P9); Frc: (P7, P10, P11) 7 ICUMT -2010
Communication to Submarines (SANGUINE) 1967-1969 Extremely Low Frequency (ELF); 0.25 bits/second! Modulation/coding of orthogonal waveforms Defining Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) utilized 2 n orthogonal sequences constructed for length 2 n Monitoring Humility, Opportunities, Interactive, and Self-Organization but not Holistic First principles of electrical engineering emphasized Management Tightly controlling program manager orchestrated progress Forecasting Shortfall of systems thinking regarding high-power transmitters CCN Prg: P5: POT – Dfn: P1; Mnt: P10; Mng: P7, P11; Frc: (P2) 8 ICUMT -2010
Bandwidth Efficient Modulations 1975-1976 Close-packing of Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) uplinks Low “cross - talk” Defining Time-domain shapings of modulation signal End-to-end performance viewpoint was breakthrough learning Monitoring Discussions, Trust, Interactive, Work greatly supported by outside stakeholder and Self-Organization Management Overseeing managers delighted with findings Forecasting Several journal articles and conference papers resulted Influenced design and development of important satellite system CCN Prg: P5: OT – Dfn: P6; Mnt: P9; Mng: P10; Frc: P11 9 ICUMT -2010
FH Radios 1986-1993 Anti-jam radio systems development Defining A. Hop much faster to defeat “repeat” jammer B. U.S. Air Force – U.S. Army interoperable voice/data radio system Monitoring A. Hopping rate sufficient to defeat future technology A. Foreign sales of radio/jamming equipment potential problem B. H elping contractor “backfired” Humility, Holism, Balance, Discussions, Management Trust, and Interactive but little Self-Organization A. “Five power” nation collaboration A. But U.S. hopping algorithm not shared! B. Internal “witch hunt” Contract terminated for government convenience! Forecasting A/B. Nation states concern A/B. T errorists not yet on “radar screen” CCN Prg: P5: POT – Dfn: P2, P6; Mnt: P1, P3; Mng: P9, P10; Frc: (P11) 10 ICUMT -2010
Civil Aeronautical Communication 1993-1997 A. Very High Frequency (VHF) Digital Link Mode 3 (VDL-3) B. Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) Defining A. VDL-3: Increased capacity in 25-kHz channels B. ADS-B: Air crews handle situational awareness Monitoring A. International standards developed A. VDL-3 resisted by Europeans and airlines Humility, Holism, Balance, Discussions, Trust, B. Sweden advocated VDL Mode 4 Interactive, and Self-Organization Management but too little Economic A. RTCA contentiousness finally resulted in agreed-to waveform A. ICAO progress aided by author’s efforts B. ADS-B participants castigated for creating potential vulnerability Forecasting A. Insufficient attention paid to economic issues B. Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) catching on CCN Prg: P5: POET – Dfn: P3, P6 P9; Mnt: P1, P2; Mng: P10, P11; Frc: (P5: E) 11 ICUMT -2010
Future Joint Tactical Data Link (JTDL) 2010 A. Airborne software-defined radio program B. Aerial network and future JTDL Defining A/B. Performance of wireless portion challenging Aircraft have narrow bandwidths and limited data rates Still no funding for wide-body directive antennas Monitoring A. Growing use of layering B. Multi-cast algorithms needed to mitigate packet loss Humility, Holism, Balance, Discussions, B. Work on redirecting en route aircraft to alternative targets Opportunities, Interactive, A/B. Prosecution time budgets becoming more realistic Self-Organization, and Layered Management A/B. More portfolio management of “stove - piped” programs B. Still trying to control network by “brute force” Forecasting A. Uncertainties in program viability still exist B. Self-adaptive and self-organized networks required for uncertain future Perform more processing locally and transmit only what is needed by decision makers Greater use of Binary eXtensible Markup Language (XML) reduces data by two orders of magnitude CCN Prg: P5: POET – Dfn: P1, P2, P3; Mnt: P13; Mng: P6, P7; Frc: P1, P10, P11 12 ICUMT -2010
Summary CSE Principles applied to each aspect of CCN projects Refer to Table 1 (next chart) and each Pn , where n is n th principle that applied. Those that should have applied and did not, is shown in parentheses and in red, as (Pn) In addition, every row of Table 1 is characterized by the P5 POET factors Each short phrase in table provides essence of paper’s discussion for that table cell No general trend of CSE Principles emerges Only two projects escaped CSE Principles that should have been applied, viz., Bandwidth Efficient Modulations, and Future JTDL Author remembers first of these as time of creative career recovery Recent experience bodes well in developing and implementing future self- adaptive and self-organizing networks Principle 12 should play key role in future 13 ICUMT -2010
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