A Partial Solution To the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A Partial Solution To the Fundamental Problem of Causal Inference

Some of our most important questions are causal questions .

● 100,000 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 50,000 Gross National Income Per Capita ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 10,000 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 5,000 ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 1,000 ● ● ● ● ● ● − 10 − 5 0 5 10 Level of Democracy ( − 10 = Least Democratic, 10 = Most Democratic)

Norway Luxembourg Qatar ● United States Switzerland 100,000 Kuwait Austria Germany Denmark ● ● Canada Netherlands Australia Singapore ● Belgium ● Saudi Arabia United Kingdom ● ● ● 50,000 France Gross National Income Per Capita Sweden Oman Italy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Czech Republic ● New Zealand ● Finland Japan Ireland ● ● ● ● Malaysia Trinidad and Tobago ● Israel ● ● ● Slovenia Spain ● ● Bahrain Cyprus Croatia ● ● Estonia Latvia ● Equatorial Guinea ● ● Libya ● Argentina ● ● Portugal Cuba ● ● ● ● ● ● Poland Mexico ● Gabon Turkey ● ● Botswana ● Greece ● ● Belarus Lebanon ● Kazakhstan ● ● ● ● ● ● Brazil Romania ● ● ● Hungary ● Lithuania ● ● ● ● Thailand Azerbaijan Iraq Suriname ● ● Montenegro Panama Jordan ● Bulgaria Chile ● Colombia ● ● ● ● ● Tunisia ● Ecuador ● Algeria ● 10,000 ● Turkmenistan China ● Serbia Peru South Africa Egypt Dominican Republic ● ● ● Uruguay Namibia ● ● ● ● Sri Lanka El Salvador Fiji ● Armenia Indonesia ● Mauritius Ukraine ● ● Angola Georgia ● ● ● ● Albania ● ● ● ● Swaziland Bhutan Morocco Guyana Guatemala Costa Rica ● ● ● Jamaica 5,000 ● Nigeria ● Uzbekistan Mongolia Pakistan ● Paraguay ● ● Yemen Cape Verde Kyrgyzstan ● Djibouti Honduras Mauritania Cambodia ● India ● ● ● Cameroon ● ● ● Papua New Guinea ● Zambia ● Philippines ● Nicaragua Bangladesh ● Tajikistan ● ● Ghana Nepal Lesotho Haiti ● Chad Gambia ● Senegal ● Mali ● ● Rwanda ● Kenya Sierra Leone ● Madagascar ● Zimbabwe Burkina Faso ● ● ● ● ● ● Eritrea Benin Comoros Uganda Ethiopia Guinea − Bissau Solomon Islands ● ● ● Guinea ● 1,000 ● Niger Togo Mozambique ● Burundi Liberia ● ● ● Central African Republic Malawi ● − 10 − 5 0 5 10 Level of Democracy ( − 10 = Least Democratic, 10 = Most Democratic)

Norway Luxembourg Qatar ● United States Switzerland 100,000 Kuwait Austria Germany Denmark ● ● Canada Netherlands Australia Singapore ● Belgium ● Saudi Arabia United Kingdom ● ● ● 50,000 France Gross National Income Per Capita Sweden Oman Italy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Czech Republic ● New Zealand ● Finland Japan Ireland ● ● ● ● Malaysia Trinidad and Tobago ● Israel ● ● ● Slovenia Spain ● ● Bahrain Cyprus Croatia ● ● Estonia Latvia ● Equatorial Guinea ● ● Libya ● Argentina ● ● Portugal Cuba ● ● ● ● ● ● Poland Mexico ● Gabon Turkey ● ● Botswana ● Greece ● ● Belarus Lebanon ● Kazakhstan ● ● ● ● ● ● Brazil Romania ● ● ● Hungary ● Lithuania ● ● ● ● Thailand Azerbaijan Iraq Suriname ● ● Montenegro Panama Jordan ● Bulgaria Chile ● Colombia ● ● ● ● ● Tunisia ● Ecuador ● Algeria ● 10,000 ● Turkmenistan China ● Serbia Peru South Africa Egypt Dominican Republic ● ● ● Uruguay Namibia ● ● ● ● Sri Lanka El Salvador Fiji ● Armenia Indonesia ● Mauritius Ukraine ● ● Angola Georgia ● ● ● ● Albania ● ● ● ● Swaziland Bhutan Morocco Guyana Guatemala Costa Rica ● ● ● Jamaica 5,000 ● Nigeria ● Uzbekistan Mongolia Pakistan ● Paraguay ● ● Yemen Cape Verde Kyrgyzstan ● Djibouti Honduras Mauritania Cambodia ● India ● ● ● Cameroon ● ● ● Papua New Guinea ● Zambia ● Philippines ● Nicaragua Bangladesh ● Tajikistan ● ● Ghana Nepal Lesotho Haiti ● Chad Gambia ● Senegal ● Mali ● ● Rwanda ● Kenya Sierra Leone ● Madagascar ● Zimbabwe Burkina Faso ● ● ● ● ● ● Eritrea Benin Comoros Uganda Ethiopia Guinea − Bissau Solomon Islands ● ● ● Guinea ● 1,000 ● Niger Togo Mozambique ● Burundi Liberia ● ● ● Central African Republic Malawi ● − 10 − 5 0 5 10 Level of Democracy ( − 10 = Least Democratic, 10 = Most Democratic)

Norway Luxembourg Qatar ● United States Switzerland 100,000 Kuwait Austria Germany Denmark ● ● Canada Netherlands Australia Singapore ● Belgium ● Saudi Arabia United Kingdom ● ● ● 50,000 France Gross National Income Per Capita Sweden Oman Italy ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Czech Republic ● New Zealand ● Finland Japan Ireland ● ● ● ● Malaysia Trinidad and Tobago ● Israel ● ● ● Slovenia Spain ● ● Bahrain Cyprus Croatia ● ● Estonia Latvia ● Equatorial Guinea ● ● Libya ● Argentina ● ● Portugal Cuba ● ● ● ● ● ● Poland Mexico ● Gabon Turkey ● ● Botswana ● Greece ● ● Belarus Lebanon ● Kazakhstan ● ● ● ● ● ● Brazil Romania ● ● ● Hungary ● Lithuania ● ● ● ● Thailand Azerbaijan Iraq Suriname ● ● Montenegro Panama Jordan ● Bulgaria Chile ● Colombia ● ● ● ● ● Tunisia ● Ecuador ● Algeria ● 10,000 ● Turkmenistan China ● Serbia Peru South Africa Egypt Dominican Republic ● ● ● Uruguay Namibia ● ● ● ● Sri Lanka El Salvador Fiji ● Armenia Indonesia ● Mauritius Ukraine ● ● Angola Georgia ● ● ● ● Albania ● ● ● ● Swaziland Bhutan Morocco Guyana Guatemala Costa Rica ● ● ● Jamaica 5,000 ● Nigeria ● Uzbekistan Mongolia Pakistan ● Paraguay ● ● Yemen Cape Verde Kyrgyzstan ● Djibouti Honduras Mauritania Cambodia ● India ● ● ● Cameroon ● ● ● Papua New Guinea ● Zambia ● Philippines ● Nicaragua Bangladesh ● Tajikistan ● ● Ghana Nepal Lesotho Haiti ● Chad Gambia ● Senegal ● Mali ● ● Rwanda ● Kenya Sierra Leone ● Madagascar ● Zimbabwe Burkina Faso ● ● ● ● ● ● Eritrea Benin Comoros Uganda Ethiopia Guinea − Bissau Solomon Islands ● ● ● Guinea ● 1,000 ● Niger Togo Mozambique ● Burundi Liberia ● ● ● Central African Republic Malawi ● − 10 − 5 0 5 10 Level of Democracy ( − 10 = Least Democratic, 10 = Most Democratic)