A Forensic Engineering View: Construction, Codes and Standards Tom - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A Forensic Engineering View: Construction, Codes and Standards Tom Pepper, C.F.E.I., P.Eng. Robert Sparling, B.Eng.Mgt., P.Eng. March 22 th , 2019 CAMIC Toronto, ON

The Evolution of Codes and Standards • Thatched roofs were banned in London UK in 1200s • Wood Chimneys were banned in parts of the UK going back to the late 1300s • Great fire of London in 1666 burned 80% of the city • Resulted in the London Building Code Act of 1667 • National Electrical Code of 1897 • Evolved from the invention of Electricity • National Fire Protection Association 1897 • Standardize the installation of Sprinkler systems -30- Forensic Engineering 2

The Evolution of Building Codes • Great Fire of Toronto April 19, 1904, destroys downtown • Over 100 buildings destroyed • 5000 people out of work • Over $10 M damage By-law 4408 “Regulating the Erection and to Provide for the Safety of Buildings,” July 6, 1904. -30- Forensic Engineering 3

Canadian Codes -30- Forensic Engineering 4

National Building Code of Canada • Developed by the Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes • Published by the National Research Council of Canada • Intended to provide standardization across Canada • The first National Building Code of Canada (NBC) was published in 1941 • Subsequent editions were published in 1953, 1960, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2005, 2010, 2015 -30- Forensic Engineering 5

Ontario Building Code (OBC) -30- Forensic Engineering 6

OBC — Date of Application -30- Forensic Engineering 7

Building Design • Smaller buildings (OBC Part 9,<600 m²) can be designed by a licensed designer • Larger (OBC Parts 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 > 600 m² or 6460 ft²) and high hazard buildings must be designed by architects and engineers • Inspections are conducted by the architects, engineers and authority having jurisdiction -30- Forensic Engineering 8

Renovations to Existing Buildings • Basic Renovations : The work area is limited in size within a room or suite, the performance level of the building not adversely affected and access to exits, corridor fire separations and other life safety systems are intact • Extensive Renovations: Where interior walls, ceiling, roof or floor assemblies are replaced, the structural and fire resistance elements must be upgraded -30- Forensic Engineering 9

National Fire Code of Canada (NFC) • Canadian Fire Codes specify the minimum provisions regarding the fire safety of within and around existing buildings and facilities • First National Fire Code of Canada published in 1963 • Subsequent editions were published in 1975, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2005, 2010 and 2015 -30- Forensic Engineering 10

Ontario Fire Code (OFC) • The first Ontario Fire Code was published in 1980 • Subsequent editions were published in 1981, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2007 and 2015 • Canadian Fire Codes specify the minimum provisions regarding the fire safety of within and around existing buildings and facilities • Operation, Testing and Maintenance of the Building’s fire related features -30- Forensic Engineering 11

OFC Retrofit Requirements O. Reg. 251/83 • Retrofit legislation under Part 9 of the OFC • Upgrades to existing buildings to improve life safety • Building permits often required for this work • Compliance of existing buildings with newer versions of fire codes is retroactively required -30- Forensic Engineering 12

National Farm Building Code of Canada (NFBCC) • Regulated under the Building Code • Last updated in 1995 • Covers structural sufficiency, fire safety and health requirements for the protection of persons in farm buildings • Low human occupancy, • Located on a farming land, • Used for producing crops or raising livestock, and the preparation and marketing of the resulting products, If conditions not satisfied; design as regular buildings . • • Farm Building Importance Factor = 0.8 -30- Forensic Engineering 13

Farm Buildings • Farming industry has moved from small scale operations to large scale “industrial - like”, sophisticated operations • Use of larger and more complex buildings -30- Forensic Engineering 14

Farm Buildings • Complex automation processes • Increase fire hazards -30- Forensic Engineering 15

Complex Structures - Silos -30- Forensic Engineering 16

Complex Structures - Silos -30- Forensic Engineering 17

Complex Structures - Silos P. Robalino, “Silo failures caused by unrealistic design considerations”, LinkedIn, January 2018. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/silo-failures-caused-unrealistic-design-pablo-robalino?trk=portfolio_article-card_title -30- Forensic Engineering 18

Complex Structures - Silos P. Robalino, “Silo failures caused by unrealistic design considerations”, LinkedIn, January 2018. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/silo-failures-caused-unrealistic-design-pablo-robalino?trk=portfolio_article-card_title -30- Forensic Engineering 19

Snow Load Effects on a Farm Building Steel building roof collapsed under snow load Engineered roof trusses bowing and deflecting under snow load -30- Forensic Engineering 20

Advanced Analysis • Connections • Areas of stress concentration • Nonlinear/plastic behaviour • Complex structures • Complex loading conditions • Complex geometry -30- Forensic Engineering 21

Fai ailure lure Analysis alysis -30- Forensic Engineering 22

Assessment of Buildings -30- Forensic Engineering 23

Wood Construction • Cost effective • Renewable resource • Reduced carbon footprint and appeals to climate change mitigation • Design flexibility • Thermal performance • Shrinkage • Combustible • Mold & rot -30- Forensic Engineering 24

Farm - Mechanical

Greenhouses – Mechanical -30- Forensic Engineering 26

Greenhouse - Boilers -30- Forensic Engineering 27

Greenhouses - Boilers - Steam -30- Forensic Engineering 28

Greenhouses - Boilers -30- Forensic Engineering 29

Greenhouses – Hot Water Tanks -30- Forensic Engineering 30

Greenhouses - Mechanical -30- Forensic Engineering 31

Greenhouses – Reverse Osmosis -30- Forensic Engineering 32

Greenhouses – Water Storage Tanks -30- Forensic Engineering 33

Greenhouses – CO 2 -30- Forensic Engineering 34

Greenhouses - Plumbing -30- Forensic Engineering 35

Greenhouses - Plumbing -30- Forensic Engineering 36

Mechanical – Compressors- Refrigeration -30- Forensic Engineering 37

Processing – Tank Collapse -30- Forensic Engineering 38

Tanks – Fuel Oil/Diesel -30- Forensic Engineering 39

Windows -30- Forensic Engineering 40

The Unusual -30- Forensic Engineering 41

Unusual -30- Forensic Engineering 42

The Unusual -30- Forensic Engineering 43

More Unusual -30- Forensic Engineering 44

Questions & Discussion -30- Forensic Engineering