7. Long- Term Memory Event Cognition Presented by Eun-Sol Kim - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• 7. Long-Term Memory Ⅰ

Event Cognition Presented by Eun-Sol Kim

Index

• Levels of Representation
• Prior Knowledge

– Schemas and Scripts

• Memory Impairment

– Loss of Long-Term Event Model Access – Loss of Access to Event Schemas – Loss of Generalized Memory

• Event Segmentation and Memory

– Compartmentalization – Event Boundaries are Anchors in Long-Term Memory

• The Working Event Model and Memory

– Perceptual Details – Integration

• Causality and Memory

– Causal Structure – Cause and Effect

• Noncompetitive Attribute Retrieval
• Competitive Event Retrieval

– Schemas to Manage Interference

• Summary

Levels of Representation

• Three levels of representation of a narrative text

– The surface form, textbase, the situation model (mental model)

• When people attempt to remember the past, they
• ften depend on representations of events.

Long-term Memory Retrieval

• Long-term memory retrieval involves

some reconstruction.

• Short delays, simple information:

reconstructive processes are not to produce distortions of memory

• Longer retention intervals, complex

information: reconstructive processes are to have a larger influence.

Prior Knowledge

• General world knowledge is needed for

effective event cognition.

• Prior knowledge

– Used to determine how events are structured

• Structured representations of how recurring

events: Schemas and Scripts

Schemas and Scripts

• Schema

– Knowledge structures that capture the common structure that is consistent across a collection of experiences – Help organize experiences – Having a profound effect on segmentation, causal connectivity, comprehension, memory

• Information that is consistent with a currently

activated schema is comprehended and remembered better

Prior Knowledge

• n Long-term Memory
• Prior knowledge can influence the encoding of

event information into long-term memory

• Bransford and Johnson (1972)

– Give the readers a passage (constructed to make it difficult to construct a situation model) – “The procedure is actually quite simple. First you arrange things into different groups. Of course, one pile may be sufficient depending on how much there is to do.” – With / Without the title: “Washing Clothes” – This manipulation affects encoding

Two models for event

• Event schemas

– a form of semantic memory – How classes of events are structured

• Event models

– a form of episodic memory – Capture the specifics of particular events

• Schema-pointer-plus-tag hypothesis
• Schema-copy-plus-tag theory

– The Author’s view

Memory Impairment

• Loss of long-term event model access
• Loss of access to event schemas
• Loss of generalized memory

Loss of Long-Term Event Model Access

• People who have amnesia in which they have very poor

memory for specific events that they involved in or learn about

• Two components: Antero-grade & Retrograde
• R.F.R (McCarthy and Warrington, 1992)

– Suffered bilateral medial temporal lobe lesions – Good memory for famous faces, names (semantic) – Difficulty with the names and faces of family and friends (more event-related) – Could not remember events from his own life

• Supports two ideas

– Autobiographical memories are essentially event models – Generalized information about entities is stored separately from event model.

Loss of Access of Event Schemas

• Patients with prefrontal cortex impairment
• Errors sorting events in scripts, misordering the

events…

Loss of Generalized Memory

• K.S., T.R., and M.N.
• Examples of the separation of the information

about the structure of an event model and

• ther less critical information
• K.S. remember event well but lacked the ability

to specifically identify the entities involved

– K.S.’s semantic knowledge of many concepts intact