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5 March 2013 This talk presents an analysis of the inflectional - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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East Asian Linguistics Seminar 5 March 2013 This talk presents an analysis of the inflectional morphology associated with adjectives in Old Japanese (8 th century), arguing that what has traditionally been thought of as inflectional endings

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East Asian Linguistics Seminar 5 March 2013

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This talk presents an analysis of the inflectional morphology associated with adjectives in Old Japanese (8th century), arguing that what has traditionally been thought of as inflectional endings (e.g., –ku, -ki, -si, etc.) in fact (a) are to be understood as originating in forms of an earlier copula, and (b) can be analysed synchronically in Old Japanese as forms of a restricted copula with forms in k- ~ s-. Based on this analysis, a hypothesis is proposed which links these forms and other inflectional material in Old Japanese (e.g., past tense suffixes used with verbs) and reconstructs a pre-OJ copula which can be reconstructed as *k- ~ *s-, and which is further reflected in a number of other grammatical elements in OJ, including the two past tense auxiliaries, the verb se- ‘to do’ (suru) and the demonstratives ko and so.

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Grammatical morphemes derived from a p(re-O)J copula root *t- ~ *n-

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t- n- Copula to, tu ni, no Oblique case and conjunctional particles to ni, nite Genitive particle tu no Gerund

  • te

Perfective

  • te-
  • n-

Continuative

  • tutu

Semblative (‘be like’) nasu ~ nosu

  • zi < *nV(-)si

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朝日奈須 asapi nasu morning-sun like ‘like the morning sun’ (MYS 13.3234)

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adjectival derivational formant -zi < *-nV(-)si ipyezi yezi 'like (this) house' (ipye 'house'); omozi zi 'close (as if from same mother)' (omo 'mother'); onazi zi ~ oyazi zi 'same, similar'; ware rezi zi 'like me' (ware 'I'). N-zi zi mono 'like (a) N, typical of (a) N, as befits (a) N' 馬自物 uma-zi mono 'like a horse' (MYS 13.3276) (also with inu 'dog', i 'cormorant', uma 'horse', kakwo 'fawn', kamwo 'duck' sisi 'wild animal', toko 'bed', tori 'bird', yuki 'snow', wotokwo 'man')

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Grammatical morphemes derived from a p(re-O)J copula root *k- ~ *s-

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Predicative use, bare stem 於曽也是君

  • so ya, ko no kimi

stupid EXCL this GEN lord ‘he is stupid, this man!’ (MYS 9.1741)

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Attributive use

  • a. (compounded)

夜須伊 yasu su-i easy-sleep 'good, sound sleep' (MYS 15.3771) 阿賀波斯豆摩 a ga pasi si-duma I GEN dear-spouse 'my dear wife' (KK 59)

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  • b. (bare stem)

予能等保臂等 [yo no topo po] pito age GEN distant person ‘person of old age;’ (NSK 62) 和賀美賀本斯久迩波 [wa ga mi ga posi] kuni I GEN see GEN want] country ‘the country I long to see' (KK 58) 波毘呂久麻加斯 [pa-biro] kumakasi leaf-wide great.oak 'wide-leaved great oak' (KK 91)

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  • c. (followed by a form of the copula)

等保能久爾 [topo no no] kuni distant COP.ADN land 'distant land' (MYS 15.3688) 登保都比等 [topo tu tu] pito distant COP.ADN person 'distant person' (MYS 17.3947)

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Adverbial use

  • a. (compounded)

tika-duk- ‘approach; close/near-touch/stick to’

  • b. (bare stem)

波也許 paya ko quick come.IMP ‘come quickly!’ (MYS 15.3636)

  • c. (followed by a form of the copula)

麻用賀岐 許迩加岐多禮 maywo-gaki ko ko ni ni kaki-tare eyebrow-paint thick COP.INF paint-drip ‘paint the eyebrows thickly’ (KK42)

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Used with the ‘adjectiv ectival al copu pula la’

  • a. Predicative use, conclusive form (終止形) -si

si 安我牟祢伊多之 a ga mune ita-si si I GEN heart painful-ACOP.CONCL ‘my heart aches’ (MYS 15.3767)

  • b. Attributive use, adnominal form (連体形) –ki

ki 久路岐美祁斯 kurwo-ki ki mi-kyesi black.ACOP.ADN HON-clothes ‘black clothes’ (KK 4)

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  • c. Attributive use, adnominal or conclusive

form 迦具漏伎 可美 kagurwo-ki ki kami black-ACOP.ADN hair ‘black hair’ (MYS 5.804) 蚊黒爲 髪 kagurwo-si si kami black-ACOP.CONCL hair ‘black hair’ (MYS 16.3791)

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  • d. adverbial use, infinitive (≈連用形) –ku

ku 岐美賀由岐 気那賀久那理奴 kimi ga yuki ke naga-ku ku nari-nu my.lord GEN go day long.ACOP.INF become-PERF.CONCL ‘it has been a long time since you left’ (KK 88)

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Fini nite te Conc nclu lusive Adno nominal minal Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Non-fi fini nite te Infi fini nitiv ive Infi fini nitiv ive Geru rund nd Geru rund nd Conditi tion

  • nal

Conditi tion

  • nal

Prov

  • vision

ional Prov

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ional Conc nces essi sive Conc nces essi sive Nomin inal Negativ ive e nomin inal Conj njec ectu tura ral taka- takasi takaki ki takasa takaky kyere ere takaku ku takami mi takakute kute takami mito to takaky kyeba eba takakup kupa takaky kyeba eba takaky kyereba ereba takaky kyedo edo takaky kyeredo eredo takaky kyek eku takaky kyena enaku takaky kyem em-

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Fini nite te Conc nclu lusive Adno nominal minal Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Non-fi fini nite te Infi fini nitiv ive Infi fini nitiv ive Geru rund nd Geru rund nd Conditi tion

  • nal

Conditi tion

  • nal

Prov

  • vision

ional Prov

  • vision

ional Conc nces essi sive Conc nces essi sive Nomin inal Negativ ive e nomin inal Conj njec ectu tura ral kanasi- kanasi kanasiki iki kanasis isa kanasikye ikyere re kanasiku iku kanasimi imi kanasikut ikute kanasimi imito to kanasikye ikyeba kanasikup ikupa kanasikye ikyeba kanasikye ikyereb reba kanasikye ikyedo kanasikye ikyered redo kanasikye ikyeku kanasikye ikyena naku ku kanasikye ikyem-

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Fini nite te Conc nclu lusive Adnomina nominal Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Non-fi fini nite te Infi fini nitiv ive Infi fini nitiv ive Gerun rund Geru rund nd Conditi tion

  • nal

Conditi tion

  • nal

Prov

  • vision

ional Prov

  • vision

ional Conc nces essi sive Conces ncessi sive Nomin inal Negativ ive e nomin inal Conj njec ectu tura ral si si ki ki sa sa kyere re ku ku mi mi kute mito to kyeba kupa kyeba kyereb reba kyedo kyeredo redo kyeku kye-na naku kye-m-

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Conclu lusive ve Adnomin inal Exclam amato atory ry Infini niti tive ve Gerund und Conditi tional nal Provisional nal Conce cessive ve si si ki ki ~ i i kere re ku/u /u kute/ te/ute ute kupa/ a/up upa (> kuwa wa/uw /uwa) kereba reba keredo redo

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a. The so-called inflectional endings of adjectives in Japanese are really a restricted (and suppletive) copula: ‘adject ctival ival co copula ula’ b. Its main forms exhibit an alternation k- ~ ~ s-

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  • a. ku ar-

岐美何余曾比斯 多布斗久阿理祁理 kimi ga yosopi si taputwo-ku ku ari-kyeri my.lord GEN attire EMPH admirable-ACOP.INF exist- MPST.CONCL 'your attire, it is admirable, my lord!' (KK 7)

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  • b. ni ar-

伊麻許曾婆 和杼理迩阿良米 ima koso pa wa-dori ni ara-me me now FOC TOP I-bird COP.INF exist-CONJ.EXCL 'Now, I am my own' (KK 3)

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  • a. ku ar- => kar- (> EMJ カリ活用)

伊麻乃久須理師 多布止可理家利 ima no kusurisi taputwo-kari ari-kyeri now COP.ADN master.of.medicine admirable-ACOP- MPST.CONCL 'the present master of medicine is worthy of praise!' (Bussoku 15)

  • b. ni ar- => nar-

烏梅能波奈 伊麻佐可利奈理 ume no pana ima sakari nari plum GEN blossom now in.bloom COP.CONCL ‘The plum blossom is in bloom now’ (MYS 5.850)

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OJ OJ EMJ/early arly LMJ late LMJ/NJ NJ prim imary ary parad adig igms prim imary ary parad adig igms prim imary ary parad adig igms ni, no, to, tu; ni, nite, de, no, to dya, da, na, no, ni, ...; si, ki, ku, ... si, ki/ i, ku/u, ... i, ku/u, katta, ... secondary ndary paradig radigms nar-, tar-, dyar- kar- analytic ic forms analytic ic forms analytic ic forms ni/to ar-; ni/nite/de/to ar- de ar- ku ar- ku ar- ku ar-

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a. The so-called inflectional endings of adjectives in Japanese are really a restricted copula: ‘adject ctival ival co copula ula’ b. Its main forms exhibit an alternation k- ~ ~ s-

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Fini nite te Conc nclu lusive Adno nominal minal Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Non-fi fini nite te Infi fini nitiv ive Infi fini nitiv ive Geru rund nd Geru rund nd Conditi tion

  • nal

Conditi tion

  • nal

Prov

  • vision

ional Prov

  • vision

ional Conc nces essi sive Conc nces essi sive Nomin inal Negativ ive e nomin inal Conj njec ectu tura ral si si ki ki sa sa kyere re ku ku mi mi kute mito to kyeba kupa kyeba kyereb reba kyedo kyered redo kyeku kye-na naku kye-m-

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Grammatical morphemes which may be related to the adjectival copula k- ~ s-

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Widespread form identity of the si si and ki ki based forms of the adjectival copula with forms of the two past tense auxiliaries: ki ki simple past and kyer er- modal past. Grammaticalization of tense markers from copula are frequently proposed in the grammaticalization literature (and earlier; e.g. Franz Bopp who posited copula origins for many conjugational endings in Sanskrit).

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Paradig digm of the simpl ple e past t tense se auxilia liary ry Conclusive ki Adnominal si Exclamatory sika Conditional seba / kyeba Concessive sikado Provisional sikaba Nominal siku / kyeku Conjectural kyemu

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Paradig digm of the modal al past tense e auxil iliar iary Conclusive kyeri Adnominal kyeru Exclamatory kyere Concessive kyereba Provisional kyeredo Nominal kyeraku

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Adject ctiva ival l copula la Simple le past si si (sika, sikado, sikaba; siku; seba (< *si-amu-pa)) Simple le past ki ki kyeba (< *ki-amu-pa) kyeba kyeku (< *ki-aku) kyeku kyemu (< *ki-amu) kyemu Modal l past kyere (< *ki-are) kyere kyeredo kyeredo kyereba kyereba

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Other grammatical morphemes which may be related to the adjectival copula k- ~ s-

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Given the k- ~ s- alternation, an alternation may be proposed between two formants with remarkably similar morphology and syntax: the adverbial adjectival copula ku ku and the adverbial/stative formant *su su which forms part of the semblative copula (nasu / nosu) and the negative auxiliary -zu.

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Adject ctiv ival copul ula Semblati mblative ku nasu < *na-su su Negativ ive ku

  • (a)zu < *ani-su

su kute

  • (a)zute < *ani-su

su-te kupa

  • (a)zupa < *ani-su

su-pa

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朝日奈須 asa-pi nasu morning-sun like ‘like the morning sun’ (MYS 13.3234)

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Conc nclu lusive Adno nominal minal Excla clamat matory

  • ry

Infi fini nitiv ive Geru rund nd Conditi tion

  • nal

Prov

  • vision

ional Conc nces essi sive Nomin inal Negativ ive

  • (a)zu

zu ~ ~ -(a)n- zu zu nu nu ne ne zu zu (~ (~ ni ni) zute te (~ (~ nito to) zupa neba nedo naku

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Demonstratives: ko so Focus particles: ka so Grammatical verbs: ko- ‘come’ se- ‘do’

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吾戀 君曽 伎賊乃夜 夢所見鶴 wa ga kwopuru # kimi so so kizo no ywo # ime ni mi-ye-turu I GEN love.ADN my.lord SO last.night GEN night dream DAT see-PASS- PERF.ADN ‘It was you, my beloved lord, that I saw last night in a dream’ (MYS 2:150) ..月乎 白妙乃 雲香 隠流 ..tukwi wo # sirwotape no # kumo ka ka kakus-eru ru moon ACC white.cloth COP.ADN cloud KA hide-STAT.ADN ‘Is it white clouds that are hiding the moon?’ (MYS 7.1079)

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Focus IS presupposition [wa ga kwopuru kimi ] so [kizo no ywo ime ni miyeturu] you my beloved lord IS (what) I saw last night in a dream [sirwotape no kumo ] ka [kakuseru] white clouds IS (what) are hiding (it)

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*k- *s- adjectival copula ku, kute, kupa sa ki si kyeba, kyedo, kyeku seba kye-naku, kye-mu kyere, kyereba, kyeredo simple past tense ki si, sika,sikado, sikaba, siku kyeba, kyeku, kyemu seba modal past tense kyeri, kyeru, kyere, kyeredo, kyereba, kyeraku semblative na-su negative

  • zu < *ani-su

focus particles ka so demonstratives ko so grammatical verbs ko- se- (< *sə-)

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Af Afterthou erthought: ght: Lexi xical cal k ~ ~ s altern ernation ation candidates didates toki ‘time’ tosi ‘year’ aka(-) ‘bright, red’ asa ‘morning’

  • kure- ‘be (left) behind’
  • so- ‘late’

kosi ‘loins’ se ~ so- ‘back’ kapa ‘river’ sapa ‘marsh’ kup- ‘eat’ sup- ‘imbibe, inhale’

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The Korean ‘do’ verb, MK ho ho- > NK ha-ta, is easier to compare with OJ se se- (suru) if OJ se- reflects a root k- ~ ~ s-.

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