3. Trigonometry 3.1 Introduction to Trigonometry 3.2 Trigonometric - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

• 3. Trigonometry

3.1 Introduction to Trigonometry 3.2 Trigonometric Examples 3.3 Radians 3.4 Periodicity and Plotting Trigonometric Functions

3.5 Major Trigonometric Identities 3.6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 3.7 Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions 3.8 Laws of Sines and Cosines 3.9 Trigonometric Equations

3.1 Introduction to Trigonometry

3.1.1 Idea of Trigonometry 3.1.2 Trigonometric Functions

3.1.1 Idea of Trigonometry

• For us, trigonometry is the study of right triangles,

i.e. a triangle with one right angle.

• These triangles have two legs, and a hypotenuse
• pposite the right angle. These are related via the

famous Pythagorean Theorem:

If a, b are the lengths of the two legs of a right triangle, and c is the length of the hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2

• The fundamental trigonometric functions are functions that

take as input angles of a right triangle.

• These functions are defined in terms of ratios of side lengths

corresponding to the angle.

• The value of these functions depend only on the angles, not
• n the particular choice of triangle.
• This is because two right triangles with another common

angle are necessarily similar, i.e. side lengths are the same after multiplying them all by the same constant.

3.1.2 Trigonometric Functions

• Let be an angle of a

right triangle. Assume that is not the right angle.

• There is a side opposite ,

call its length .

• There is also a side

adjacent to , call it .

• Call the hypotenuse .

θ θ

θ

Opp

θ

Adj

Hyp

sin(θ) = Opp Hyp cos(θ) = Adj Hyp tan(θ) = Opp Adj

Compute sin(θ), cos(θ), tan(θ)

Compute sin(θ), cos(θ), tan(θ)

sec(θ) = Hyp Adj csc(θ) = Hyp Opp cot(θ) = Adj Opp

Compute sec(θ), csc(θ), cot(θ)

Compute sec(θ), csc(θ), cot(θ)

3.2 Trigonometric Examples

30-60-90 Triangle

sin(30) = 1 2 cos(30) = √ 3 2 tan(30) = 1 √ 3

sin(60) = √ 3 2 cos(60) = 1 2 tan(60) = √ 3

45-45-90 Triangle

sin(45) = 1 √ 2 cos(45) = 1 √ 2 tan(45) = 1

3.3 Radians

• So far, we have discussed the inputs of

trigonometric functions in terms of degrees.

• Another system of inputs is more common and

convenient for higher mathematics, such as calculus, called radians.

• Radians replace degrees with numbers according

to the following exchange rate:

180 degrees = π radians

• To convert from degrees to radians, one multiplies by a factor
• f
• To convert from radians to degrees, one multiples by a factor
• f

π 180 180 π

Convert from degrees to radians: 360 90 135

Convert from radians to degrees: π 3 3π 2

3.4 Periodicity and Plotting Trigonometric Functions

• Recall that a rotation of

is the same as a rotation

• f
• In general, an angle of

is the same as a rotation

• f
• In radians, an angle of

magnitude is equivalent to an angle of magnitude

360

θ

(360 + θ)

θ

θ + 2π

• This implies that the

trigonometric functions are periodic.

• They repeat

themselves after a fixed interval.

sin(θ + 2π) = sin(θ) cos(θ + 2π) = cos(θ) csc(θ + 2π) = csc(θ) sec(θ + 2π) = sec(θ)

Plot f(x) = sin(x)

Plot f(x) = cos(x)

tan(θ + π) = tan(θ) cot(θ + π) = cot(θ)

Plot f(x) = tan(x)

3.5 Major Trigonometric Identities

• A trigonometric identity is

relation between trigonometric functions.

• They are essential for

understanding the behavior of trigonometric functions.

• They can make calculations

easier.

• There are many such identities,

but we focus on just a few of the most important

Reciprocal Identities

sin(θ) = 1 csc(θ) cos(θ) = 1 sec(θ) tan(θ) = 1 cot(θ)

Simplify sec(θ) cos(θ)

Simplify csc(θ) tan(θ)

Pythagorean Identities

sin2(θ) + cos2(θ) =1 tan2(θ) + 1 = sec2(θ) cot2(θ) + 1 = csc2(θ)

Simplify s 1 − sin2(θ) sin2

Simplify csc2(θ) tan2(θ)

Double Angle Identities

sin(2θ) =2 sin(θ) cos(θ) cos(2θ) = cos2(θ) − sin2(θ)

Compute sin(120)

3.6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

• Recall that our trigonometric functions input an

angle and output a number, based on ratios of sides of triangles.

• We can define inverse trigonometric functions that

input a number and out put an angle.

• For example, we can define an inverse function to

the function , call it

• This function has the property that on its domain,

f(x) = sin(x) f −1(x) = arcsin(x) sin(arcsin(x)) = x

arcsin ✓1 2 ◆ =30 arcsin √ 3 2 ! =60 arcsin (1) =90 arcsin (0) =0

• Similarly, one may define

inverse trigonometric functions to:

cos(x), tan(x), sec(x), csc(x), cot(x)

Compute arccos(1)

Compute arctan( √ 3)

3.7 Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions

3.7.1 Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions 3.7.2 Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3.7.1 Domain and Range of Trigonometric Functions

• What kinds of number make sense as inputs to the

trigonometric functions?

• What kinds of numbers can be outputs? In other

words, what are their domains and ranges?

• We will plot the basic functions, then determine

domain and range.

dom(sin) =(−∞, ∞) range(sin) =[−1, 1]

Compute the domain and range of f(x) = 2 sin(2x) + 1

dom(cos) =(−∞, ∞) range(cos) =[−1, 1]

Compute the domain and range of f(x) = sec(x)

dom(tan) ={x | x 6= πk 2 , k an integer} range(tan) =(1, 1)

Compute the domain and range of f(x) = tan ✓2x π ◆

3.7.2 Domain and Range of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

• Normally to find the domain and range of , one

simply switches the domain and range of .

• However, the inverse trigonometric functions fail the

horizontal line test on their full domains.

• This means that their inverse functions are not well-

defined unless the domain of the original function is restricted.

f −1

f

dom(arcsin) =[−1, 1] range(arcsin) = h −π 2 , π 2 i

Compute the domain and range of f(x) = − arcsin(x + 1)

dom(arccos) =[−1, 1] range(arccos) =[0, π]

Compute the domain and range of f(x) = 2 + arccos(3x)

dom(arctan) =(−∞, ∞) range(arctan) = ⇣ −π 2 , π 2 ⌘

Compute the domain and range of f(x) = arctan(x − 1)

3.8 Law of Sines and Cosines

• Trigonometric

Functions can also be used to study triangles that are not right triangles.

• The laws of sines and

cosines provide relationships between the sides and angles of a generic triangle.

Law of Sines

a sin(A) = b sin(B) = c sin(C)

Law of Cosines

3.9 Trigonometric Equations

• There are problems

involving trigonometric functions.

• In some cases, inverse

trigonometric functions will be useful.