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2. Early Writing Systems Cuneiform, early Linear Scripts - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Mar 24, 2024 506 likes •813 views

Clst 181SK Ancient Greece and the Origins of Western Culture 2. Early Writing Systems Cuneiform, early Linear Scripts Origins of the Greek Alphabet Alpha Beta Gamma Delta

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  • 2. Early Writing Systems

Clst 181SK Ancient Greece and the Origins of Western Culture

Cuneiform, early Linear Scripts

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 Alpha Beta Gamma Delta
 
 
 Α Β Γ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Σ Τ Υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
 
 α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ τ θ φ χ ψ ω
 
 Origins of the Greek Alphabet

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 From Phoenician 
 to Greek Origins of 
 the Greek Alphabet:

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ΝΕΣΤΟΡΟΣ: ... :ΕΥΠΟΤΟΝ:ΠΟΤΕΡΙΟΝ
 ΗΟΣΔΑΤΟΔΕΠΙΕΣΙ:ΠΟΤΕΡΙ .. :AΥΤΙΚΑΚΕΝΟΝ
 ΗΙΜΕΡΟΣΗΑΙΡΕΣΕΙ:ΚΑΛΛΙΣΤΕΦΑΝΟ:ΑΦΡΟΔΙΤΕΣ
 
 Νέστορος [εἰμὶ] εὔποτ[ον] ποτήριο[ν]·
 ὃς δ’ ἂν τοῦδε π[ίησι] ποτηρί[ου] αὐτίκα κῆνον
 ἵμερ[ος αἱρ]ήσει καλλιστ[εφάν]ου Ἀφροδίτης.
 
 Nestor’s cup I am, good to drink from. 
 Whoever drinks this cup empty, straightaway 
 the desire of beautiful-crowned Aphrodite will seize. Nestor’s cup c. 750 BC Pithikoussai, Italy

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A crude typology of writing systems or signaries

  • 1.

Logogram (signs=words, hundreds or thousands of signs) 2. Syllabary (signs=syllables, about 70-90 signs)

  • 3. Alphabet (signs=phonemes, about 20-30

signs)

  • But note that many writing systems are hybrids:

cuneiform, for example is a logosyllabary, a syllabary augmented with about 600 logographic signs

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Speech and Writing Systems: Speech as a continuous sound wave “I am an elephant” Where are the words, syllables, phonemes?

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Speech and Writing Systems: The problem with phonemes http://makingnoiseandhearingthings.com/tag/speech-signal/ Phoneme (from Apple Dictionary)

  • A phoneme is a basic unit of a language's phonology, which is

combined with other phonemes to form meaningful units such as words or morphemes. The phoneme can be described as "The smallest contrastive linguistic unit which may bring about a change of meaning". In this way the difference in meaning between the English words kill and kiss is a result of the exchange of the phoneme /l/ for the phoneme /s/.

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Four Early Writing Systems in the West

  • 1. Cuneiform: Sumeria, Akkadia, Assyria, Babylonia
  • 2. Linear A: Minoan (Crete)
  • 3. Linear B: Mycenean (mainland Greece)
  • 4. West Semitic: Phoenician
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Cuneiform

(latin cuneus, wedge)

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  • Mesopotamia
  • 

  • Sumerian empire
  • Akkadian empire
  • Assyrian empire
  • Babylonian empire

The earliest writing system in the West

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Cuneiform - development

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Cuneiform clay tablets and stylus

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Palace at Nimrud (Ashurnasirpal II)

  • (Assyria)
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Early Cuneiform

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Early Cuneiform BM 116730

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Linear A

(Crete: Minoan Civilization)

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Crete and the Minoan Civilizaiton: Trade Routes

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Crete and the Minoans: the palace at Knossos/Cnossos

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Knossos – aerial view

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Knossos – grand staircase

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Knossos - Throne room

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King / Priest

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Queen’s room

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Blue Ladies

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Knossos - pithoi

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Knossos - pithos

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Linear A – Palace of Minos, Knossos, Crete

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Linear A – Hagia Triada, Crete