132243 Business & Social Responsibilities Ethical Principles in - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
132243 Business & Social Responsibilities Ethical Principles in Business 1 Caltex Case Caltex should stop operating in South Africa because of 3 moral principles Justice: fair ways of distributing benefits and burdens among the
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E.g. health and life
E.g. some theory are not immediately usable, yet its implementation costs may be very high.
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An extension of a loan to the manager of a local pornographic theater.
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E.g. rights in contracts
E.g. rights not to be killed
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If I contract to do something for you, then you acquire a contractual right to whatever I promise, and I have a contractual duty to perform as I promised.
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Universalizability: what if everyone did that? Reversibility: how would you like it if you were in her place?
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Never use people merely as means but always respect and develop their ability to choose for themselves
E.g. wrong to deceive a person into making a contract that that person would not otherwise freely choose to make. E.g. by failing to lend help to another person, I limit what that person is free to choose to do.
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Rights to work, food, clothing, housing, and medical care
Rights to freedom from injury or fraud, freedom of thought, freedom of association, freedom of speech (unless conflicts with another human interest that can be shown to be of equal or greater importance), privacy
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E.g. a murderer and a public policy that all murderers should be punished, a choice to work under unacceptable conditions or work somewhere else
E.g. right to form a group of trombone players VS right to be left free from disturbance which right should be limited in favor of the other?
E.g. a person who really hates Blacks to a degree that he/she is willing to have other hate him/her if her skin turns black.
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Freedom from human constraint is necessarily good and that all constraints imposed by others are necessarily evil except when needed to prevent the imposition of greater human constraints.
E.g. free use of property, freedom of contract, free market system
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E.g. progressive tax system
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No relevant differences among human beings Cooperation is interestingly the consequence
Human beings in fact differ in their abilities, intelligence, virtues, needs, desires, physical and mental characteristics. If everyone is given exactly the same, then individuals will have no incentive to exert greater efforts in their work productivity and efficiency in the society will decline.
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Income, wealth, and opportunity should be distributed equally until the minimum standard of living is achieved for everyone.
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E.g. salespeople
In terms of the amount of efforts may end up rewarding the incompetence and the inefficiency. In terms of productivity may ignore people’s need, and also hard to measure productivity in some subjective fields (e.g. entertainment, arts). Determine productivity by the market force (supply and demand) still ignore people’s need, and may be unfair (e.g. doctors get paid less than entertainers).
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I don’t want to be a singer, but because I have great voice, I am forced to be the singer.
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persons; and
conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
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The claim that each citizen’s liberties must be protected from invasion by others and must be equal to those of other.
Implies efficiency (maximum benefits for the least advantaged).
E.g. equal access to training and education needed to qualify for the desirable jobs
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Original position: an imaginary meeting of rational self-interested persons who must choose the principles of justice by which their society will be governed. Veil of ignorance: the requirement that persons in the original position must not know particulars about themselves which might bias their choices such as their sex, race, religion, income, social status, etc. This theory satisfies Kant’s ideas of reversibility and universalizabilty.
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1 would be chosen because everyone will want to secure a maximum amount of freedom so that they can pursue whatever interests they have on entering society. 2a would be chosen because all parties will want to protect themselves against the possibility of ending in the worst position in society. 2b would be chosen because all parties to the
should they turn out to be among the talented.
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It preserves the basic moral beliefs: freedom, equality, equality of opportunity, and concern for the disadvantaged. It does not reject the market system, work incentives, nor the inequalities. It incorporates both the communitarian (2a) and individualistic (2b) strains. It takes into account the criteria of need, ability, effort, and contribution. There is the moral justification that the original position provides.
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However some losses are impossible to measure (e.g. reputation, health, life).
His action was wrong or negligent; and His action was the real cause of the injury; and His action was voluntarily.
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An ethic that sees concrete communities and communal relationships as having a fundamental value that should be preserved and maintained. The value of the self is derived from the value of the community.
Not all relationships have value (e.g. you and your enemy). Demands of caring are sometimes in conflict with the demands of justice (e.g. you are managing your friend). Conflicts can be resolved based on the level of significance of the wrong. Managers who feels that she cannot be impartial to her friends should resign.
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Utilitarian standards ignore rights and justice. Moral rights ignore utilitarian benefits and justice. Standards of justice ignore utilitarian benefits and individual rights. Standard of caring ignore demands of impartiality.
Moral standards: utilitarianism, rights, justice, ethic of care. Fact: concerning the policy institution or behavior under consideration. Moral judgment: such behaviors or such policies are right or wrong.
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E.g. honesty is a moral character of a person who always tells the truth. A moral virtue is praiseworthy because its development requires effort.
E.g. the virtue of respect is consistent with rights.
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A theory of virtue judges action in terms of the dispositions that are associated with those actions. An ethic of principles judges dispositions in terms of the actions associated with those dispositions. Ethics of virtue fills out and adds to utilitarianism, rights, justice, and caring by looking not at the actions people are required to perform, but at the character they are required to have (e.g. some virtues enable people to do what moral principles require, some consist of a readiness to act on moral principles, and some are dispositions that moral principles require us to develop).
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