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OSHA Standards WWW.OSHA.GOV 2
OSHA base 1926.21 B (2) The employer shall instruct each employee in the recognition & avoidance of unsafe conditions & the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards or other exposure to illness or injury. 3
OSHA Standards • OSHA STANDARDS ARE MINIMUM, NOT MAXIMUM STANDARDS 4
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Cave Ins • 50-100 DEATHS EACH YEAR NATIONWIDE • ONE CUBIC FOOT OF DIRT WEIGHS FROM 80- 120 LBS.. • A CUBIC YARD OF DIRT CAN WEIGH AS MUCH AS A SMALL PICK UP TRUCK • MOST DEATHS OCCUR IN TRENCHES LESS THAN 15’ DEEP • 60% ARE WOULD BE RESCUERS 6
Trench Emergency Plan • Think • Implement plan • Don’t jump in • Equipment off • Call 911 • Stay back 7
Competent Person As applied to excavations the CP must: • Be knowledgeable about the excavations standard • Be capable of identifying hazards • Have the authority to take immediate action • Know how to classify soil type • Know how to select and use shoring, shields, and/or sloping 8
Who’s Competent? 9
“For every complex problem there’s a simple solution, and its always wrong.” - H.L. Mencken (1880 – 1956) 10
Utility Support 11
Utility Support 12
Locating Utility Lines • (1) AN EMPLOYER SHALL NOT EXCAVATE…WITHOUT HAVING FIRST ASCERTAINED THE LOCATION OF ALL UNDERGROUND FACILITIES…IN THE PROPOSED AREA OF EXCAVATION. • (2) …AN EMPLOYER SHALL EXERCISE REASONABLE CARE WHEN WORKING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY... IF THE FACILITIES ARE TO BE EXPOSED, OR ARE LIKELY TO BE EXPOSED, ONLY HAND DIGGING SHALL BE EMPLOYED… • (3) WHEN ANY CONTACT WITH OR DAMAGE TO ANY PIPE, CABLE, OR ITS PROTECTIVE COATING…THE PUBLIC UTILITY SHALL BE NOTIFIED IMMEDIATELY... 13
Bulldozer vs. Gas Main 14
Utility Support 15
Utility Support 16
Overhead Power Lines Min. 10 feet Maintain 10-foot clearance from power lines up to 50,000 volts and add 4 inches more for each additional 10,000 volts! 17
Water Accumulation • Employees are not allowed to work where there is water accumulation unless it is controlled • Natural drainage and water run-off should be controlled • Water removal equipment monitored by a competent person • Trench inspection after rainstorms 18
Water Accumulation 19
Water Accumulation 20
Water Accumulation 21
Inspections – Worker Exposure Excavations, adjacent areas, and protective systems must be inspected by a competent person: • Daily – prior to work • As needed during work • After rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence • Where hazards are identified corrective action must be implemented. • Always document inspections. 22
Stability of Adjacent Structures • OBSTRUCTIONS WHOSE MOVEMENT COULD CAUSE INJURY TO AN EMPLOYEE SHALL BE REMOVED OR SUPPORTED. 23
Spoil Pile Minimum 2-feet back Spoil, tools, pumps, etc. must be set back at least 2 feet from the edge of the trench. 24
Adjacent Area & Spoil Pile
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Access & Egress 27
Hot tub? 28
Ladders 29
Ladder Problems 30
Ladders 31
Ramps • EARTH RAMP MAY BE USED IN PLACE OF A LADDER IF: • THE MATERIAL IS STABLE • THE SIDES ARE SLOPED PROPERLY • THE ANGLE IS NOT MORE THAN 45 DEGREES • THE FIRST STEP IS NO MORE THAN 30 INCHES 32
Confined Space • AN ENCLOSED SPACE WITH: • (1) LIMITED MEANS OF ENTRY AND EXIT • (2) LARGE ENOUGH FOR A PERSON TO ENTER • (3) NOT DESIGNED FOR CONTINUOUS EMPLOYEE OCCUPANCY • (4) POTENTIAL FOR HAZARDS 33
Cause of Death in Confined Space • 56% Atmospheric • 34% Engulfment • 10% Other 34
Cause of Death in Confined Space Other 35
Surcharge loads 36
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Soil Type ? 38
Soil Type ? 39
Soil Type ? 40
Protective Systems Sloping Shoring Shields 41
“WHEN THE ONLY TOOL YOU HAVE IS A HAMMER, EVERYTHING STARTS TO LOOK LIKE A NAIL” MASLOW 42
Sloping 43
Sloping Type B Maximum Depth 20’ 44
Sloping 45
Trench Shields • AN EMPLOYEE SHALL NOT BE ALLOWED IN SHIELDS WHEN SHIELDS ARE BEING INSTALLED, REMOVED, OR MOVED. 46
Trench Box Rules • TRENCH BOXES CAN HANG UP 2’ ABOVE THE BOTTOM OF THE TRENCH AS LONG AS: • (1) THE BOX IS DESIGNED TO RESIST FORCES TO THE FULL DEPTH OF THE TRENCH AND • (2) THERE ARE NO INDICATIONS OF LOSS OF SOIL FROM BEHIND OR BELOW THE BOTTOM OF TRENCH 47
Trench Box Rules 48
Slings 49
Appendix C, Timber Shoring WOOD SHORING - IN INDIA 50
Wood Shoring Colombia Colombia
Vertical Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring 52
Other types of shoring 53
What is wrong with this trench? 54
What is wrong with this trench? • At least he’s wearing a hard hat 55
Your Responsibility • “THINKING IS THE HARDEST JOB IN THE WORLD, THAT’S WHY SO FEW PEOPLE DO IT” HENRY FORD 56
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